earticle

영어

In 1789, King Jeongjo moved Hyeonryungwon, the grave of his father(Prince Jangheon), from Yangju village to Hwasan, the old seat of Suwon county. Following the move, Suwon was promoted from a minor doho county(a region ruled by a military commandant as the governor) to a major yusu county(a major town with a higher-level military commandant as the governor) in 1793, and a bureaucratic system with a yusu(commandant), pan-gwan(middle-ranking commanders), and jung-gun(lieutenant commanders) was in place. Among the responsibilities of the bureaucratic hierarchy were the hunting down, interrogating, and punishing the Catholics. In addition, Seongrihak(neo-Confucianism), which emphasized hierarchical orders and the three virtues of loyalty to the king, filial piety, and faithfulness to the husband, was at its peak. Suwon residents, who were proud of their region for its reputation as the place of filial love, were especially hostile toward the Catholics, and considered the Catholic Church an immoral organization that disobeyed the king's orders. Despite the early exposure to Catholicism before the Sinyu Persecution, the formation of Catholic communities in this region was suppressed for a long time because of the thorough implementation of the so-called Ogajaktongbeop, or Law of Organizing Five Households into One Unit. An example of the impact of this law was the murder by his own relatives of Yi Yongbin, a Catholic who was living in Saemgol. There were no martyrs executed in the Suwon area during the two earlier nation-wide rounds of persecution, the Sinyu Persecution and the Gihae Persecution, but there were a number of martyrs during the Byeong-in Persecution. During the early stages of the Persecution in 1866, public executions were conducted in open places such as outside the South Gate or below the South East Corner Building of the Suwon Fortress, by beheading or clubbing to death. In contrast, from 1867, most executions were carried out in the jail or at the criminal court by hanging or suffocating people by placing sheets of wet paper on their faces. Many other martyrs died while in jail. A total of 76 martyrs died during the Byeong-in Persecution, and about 70% of them were killed between 1866 and 1868, presumably because of the excavation incident of Namyeongun grave in Deoksan(Deoksan Excavation Incident).

한국어

1789년 정조(正祖)가 그 생부 장헌세자의 무덤인 현륭원(顯隆園)을 양주 고을로부터 수원의 옛 읍치인 화산(花山) 아래에 이장함으로써, 1793년 수원은 도호부(都護府)에서 유수부(留守府)로 승격하였고 유수(留守), 판관(判官), 중군(中軍)을 그 골격으로 하는 관료조직이 형성되어, 천주교 신자들의 색출과 신문, 처벌을 담당하였다. 동시에 ‘효원(孝園)의 고을 사람’이라는 자부심과 충․효․열(忠孝熱)의 수직적인 위계질서를 강조하는 성리학(性理學) 지상주의가 고취되면서, 국왕의 명령을 거역하는 천주교회는 패륜적인 집단이라는 인식이 다른 어느 지역보다도 팽배해졌다. 그리하여 1801년 신유박해(辛酉迫害) 이전에 이미 수원 고을에 복음이 전파되었음에도 불구하고 ‘오가작통법(五家作統法)’이 강력하게 실시됨으로써, 1817년 샘골에 살던 천주교인 이용빈이 친척들에게 살해되는 예에서 알 수 있듯이 신앙공동체의 형성은 상당 기간 억제되었다. 수원고을에서는 전국적인 박해였던 신유박해, 기해박해 때까지 관가의 공식적인 박해에 의한 순교자가 없다가 병인박해 때 무더기로 쏟아져 나왔다. 박해 초인 1866년에는 주로 참수형이나 장살형 등이 수원성 남문 밖, 동남각루 등지에서 공개적으로 집행되다가, 1867년부터는 감옥(監獄)이나 중영(中營, 즉 討捕廳)의 울타리 내에서 주로 이루어지던 교수형(絞首刑)으로 순교하는 분들이 많아졌고, 백지사(白紙死)나 옥사(獄死)로 인해 순교하는 분들도 다수 발생했다. 총 76명에 이르는 병인박해 수원 순교자들의 70% 가량이 1866년부터 1868년까지의 기간 중에 몰려 있는데, 이는 동기간 수원에서 가까운 덕산(德山)의 남연군묘(南延君墓) 도굴미수사건의 영향으로 보인다.