earticle

영어

This paper examines how the academic system was organized around Tokyo Gaesung School, which was formerly Tokyo University from 1868 to 1877. This paper examines how the academic system was organized around Tokyo Gaesung School, which was formerly Tokyo University from 1868 to 1877. At this point, note the following: First, when did the current symmetry of ‘Science’ and ‘Literature’ emerge? Second, how has the concept of ‘理’ changed, especially through the academic system? The above points were reviewed in this paper, paying attention to the history of Tokyo University, which established the first modern academic system in the Chinese character world. The following facts were revealed as a result. Since the time of Kaeseong-so(開成所), the western studies of natural science and mechanical sceince were defined as the subject of course regulation. And these studies were grouped under the name of “Science faculty” in the first modern academic system “University Federation(大学規則)”(1870). Also, the concept of ‘Literature faculty’ was included in the top category of the subject of course, but was different in terms of content between the university’s main school and the university’s south school. Lastly, the ‘Literature faculty’ was about to disappear from the professional school initiative, which was initially aimed at the natural science based system. In looking at the settlement process of the modern university system, the example of the old Tokyo University reveals its historicality and speciality in that it stipulates that the ‘university’ is a specialized institution for teaching Western specialties, and that this specialty means a subject of natural science. This speciality allowed the conversion of Chinese character ‘理’ into new Chinese character world.

한국어

본고는 1868년부터 1877년까지 구 동경대학의 전신 기관이었던 동경개성학교를 중심으로학제 편성이 어떻게 이루어졌는가에 관하여 검토한다. 이 때 다음 사항에 주목한다. 첫째, 현재의 ‘이학’과 ‘문학’이라는 대칭성은 언제 생겨났는가? 둘째, 근대로 넘어오면서 ‘理’라는 개념이 특히 학제를 통해서는 어떻게 변모했는가? 본고에서는 한자권에서 최초로 근대 학제를성립시킨 동경대학의 역사에 주목하여 위의 사항들을 검토하였다. 그 결과 다음 사실들이 밝혀졌다. 개성소 시기부터 학과목 규정의 표적이 된 것은 서양의 자연과학 및 기계분야 학문이었으며, 이 학문들이 최초의 근대적 학제인 대학규칙 (1870)에서 ‘이과’라는 명칭으로 묶인다는사실, 또한 이 때 ‘문과’ 또한 학과목의 상위 범주로 등장하나, 대학본교와 대학남교 각각에서그 개념이 포함하는 내용이 달랐다는 사실, 애초부터 자연과학 계열의 학제화가 목표였던 전문학교 구상에서 ‘문과’는 곧 사라진다는 사실이다. 근대학제의 정착과정을 살펴볼 때 구 동경대학의 예는, ‘대학’이 서양의 전문학을 가르치는전문기관이며, 이 때의 전문학이란 자연과학 계열 과목을 뜻한다고 규정했다는 점에서 그 역사성과 특수성을 드러낸다. 이러한 특수성이 한자어 ‘理’의 새로운 한자권으로의 편입을 가능케했다.

일본어

本稿は、1868年から1877年まで、旧東京大学の前身機関であった東京開成学校を中心に、学制の編成がどのように行われたかについて検討する。その際、次の事項に注目する。第一、現在の「理学」と「文学」という対称性はいつ生まれたのか。第二に、近代以後、「理」という概念は学制においてどのような変貌を見せているのか。本稿では、漢字圏において最初に近代学制を成立させた東京大学の歴史に注目し、以上のことを検討した。その結果、次のことが明らかになった。開成所時期から学科目規定の標的になったのは、西洋の自然科学および器械分野の学問であり、この学問分野が、最初の近代的学制であった「大学規則」(1870)において「理科」という名称の下に括られたこと、また、この時に「文科」も学科目の上位カテゴリーの名称として登場するが、大学本校と大学南校におけるその意味が異なっていたこと、最後に、そもそも、近代日本における専門学校の構想では、自然科学系の学制化が目指されたため、「文科」というカテゴリーはすぐ姿を消したということである。 近代学制の定着過程を追ってみると、旧東京大学の例は、「大学」が西洋の専門学を教える専門機関であり、この際の専門学とは、自然科学系の科目を意味すると規定した点で、その歴史性と特殊性を表す。このような特殊性が、「理」という漢字語の新たな漢字圏への編入を可能にした。