earticle

영어

Intellectual property system (IP system), as a combination oftechnology, economy and law, and a way to solve the attribution problems of “knowledge” resources, founded a profit mechanism of incentive and adjustment and brought up a large numberof inventors and entrepreneurs starting industrial revolution and creating the miracle of rapid economic growth. Therefore, IP system, which owned irreplaceable value, distinctive function and exuberant vitality, was regarded as a great creation in the process of human civilization development. However, with the flourishing and developing of knowledgeeconomy, the fundamental changes in economic structure and economic growth mode have caused many new issues of IP differing from industrial economy times completely, which include the conflicts of systematic mechanism caused by the expansion of new-type IP objects and the expansion of IP right scope, the dilemma of IP’s specific system arrangement caused by the increase of IP protection difficulties and transformation of IP implementation mode, the doubts about the inherent mechanism of interest balance because of the expansion and consolidation of IP right, as well as the antitrust issues of IP triggered by the doubts about IP’s private property and legitimate monopoly. When human society has marched into knowledge economytime from industry economy time, we begin to be confronted with many new challenges in the field of IP. Since the knowledge economy time boasts the spirit of worshipping and imbuing innovation, it is an essential way to deal with the new IP issues intheknowledge economy time by innovating IP system. Meanwhile, when IP system is not able to manage new issues such as monopoly problems of IP, it is another important way to solve new IP issues through adding the concept of new-type IP monopoly into current anti-trust legal system and keeping it under effective control.

중국어

知识产权制度是科技、 经济和法律结合的产物, 它以解决 “知识” 作为资源的归属问题的方式, 构建了一种激励与调节的利益机制, 催生了大批的发明家、企业家, 从而启动了工业革命, 创造了 经济快速增长的奇迹. 但知识经济的兴起和发展, 使社会的经济结构和经济增长方式发生了根本变 化, 与经济具有密切关系的知识产权也因此遇到了许多与工业经济时代完全不同的新问题, 主要包 括：(1)知识产权新型客体的增多与权利范围的扩大引发制度理念冲突. 由于一些新的知识产权客 体具有与以前客体完全不同的特征, 很难在传统知识产权体系中直接归类保护, 因而引起诸多困惑 与问题, 诸如计算机软件这一新型客体在专利保护与版权保护过程中的两难选择, 使软件保护问题 一直是近20年来知识产权法学界争论最多的焦点之一. 从权利范围看, 复制权扩大过程中的矛盾最 为突出, 国内外专家、学者长期以来在支持网络复制权以维护版权人利益和反对复制权扩张以保 护使用作品的公共利益之间展开了激烈的争论, 至今尚未达成共识. (2)知识产权保护难度的加大 与实施方式的变革使知识产权的特定制度安排面临两难选择. 现代高新技术, 特别是网络条件下版 权、专利权、商标权等都越来越容易受到来自各个方面的不法侵害, 传统知识产权制度中个人实 施权利的方式遇到了很大的障碍, 而且收效甚微. 适应解决知识产权保护难度加大这一问题的需 要, 对付侵权的一系列特殊的技术措施, 如防火墙技术、信息智能识别技术、信息加密技术、防泄 密技术等被大量使用. 但技术措施的版权法保护对传统版权制度带来的冲击是不可低估的, 技术措 施的合法化使版权人对版权作品的控制力越来越强, 甚至是完全排他性的控制, 从而严重损害他人 与社会公共利益. (3)知识产权的扩张与强化使其固有的利益平衡机制遭受质疑. 在几百年的知识 产权立法设计和司法实践中, 利益平衡原则作为知识产权制度的价值目标和根本指导原则发挥着 极其重要的实质性作用, 并由此构建了一整套系统的知识产权权利限制体系, 从而形成知识产权制 度中的利益平衡机制. 但随着知识经济的到来, 知识产权的扩张与强化使其天平明显向权利人倾 斜, 诸如知识产权的保护范围不断扩大、一些知识产权的保护期限被一再延长、合理使用原则逐 渐被吞噬等, 从而使非权利人及公众利益受到损害, 知识产权固有的利益平衡机制因此遭到质疑. (4)对知识产权 “私权属性” 与 “合法垄断” 的质疑引发知识产权领域的反垄断问题. 知识产权法以 赋予权利人 “合法垄断” 的方式来激励创新, 但是, 在现代科技高速发展、市场竞争异常激烈和世 界经济一体化的背景下, 知识产权决非只是作为一种激励创新的手段而存在, 其更重要的是一种竞 争工具, 往往被权利人滥用, 从而演化为垄断市场、限制竞争的工具, 背离知识产权制度设计的初 衷, 损害社会整体福利, 从而引起了人们对知识产权制度所确立的 “合法垄断” 的质疑, 运用反垄断 法控制知识产权垄断的呼声日益高涨.