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Bioethanol is in the limelight as the ideal alternative fuel. It is one of the most clean and sustainable energy resources in the near future. This fuel can be classified into starchy and cellulosic ethanol according to the starting materials. Cellulosic ethanol is on investigation because of its great amount of mass. Cellulose has substantial stability and low conversion efficiency to glucose that can be further fermented to alcohol. For decades, scientists looked for the enhancement of activity of cellulase system by gene manipulation. However, there were few studies of the mixed culture for bioethanol production. Trichoderma reesei is one of the most
well-studied fungi producing cellulase. Although Trichoderma reesei yields high activity of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, its drawback is the low activity of ß-glucosidase of the cellulase system. Effective Microorganisms(EM) are in the combination of various microorganisms consisting mainly of lactic acid bacteria, purple bacteria, yeast, actinomycetes, and fungi. Because Aspergillus oryzae and Lactobacillus plantarum in EM can produce ß-glucosidase, they can be compatible with T. reesei to increase the hydrolysis of cellulose.