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영어

All secondary predicates are within the Vp and follow the generalization that rightward is downward. The distribution of secondary predicates looks entirely positional or syntactic, not semantic. The distribution of secondary predicates: they can be oriented toward the surface subject position, the position of complement of the verb (object position, not the position of object experiencers), and whatever position is responsible for the implied subject of a passive. The depictives predicated of subjects in by-phrases are actually oriented toward, allowing us to maintain the generalization that objects of prepositions cannot host secondary predicates, and moreover accounting for the optionality of placement of the secondary predicate with respect to the by-phrase.