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This study experimentally investigated the effects of fire door thickness on airtightness and thermal insulation performance for apartment unit entrance doors. Fire door specimens with thicknesses of 45, 55, 65, and 75 mm were tested for airtightness in accordance with KS F 2292 and for thermal transmittance in accordance with KS F 2278. The airtightness test results showed that all specimens satisfied the Grade 1 requirement. However, no consistent reduction in infiltration rate was observed with increasing door thickness. In contrast, thermal insulation performance exhibited a clear dependence on thickness. The thermal transmittance (U-value) decreased from 1.58 [W/(m²·K)] at 45 mm to 1.23 [W/(m²·K)] at 75 mm. Regression analysis revealed a strong negative correlation between door thickness and thermal transmittance (r = −0.958, p < 0.05). These results indicate that airtightness and thermal insulation performance respond differently to changes in fire door thickness.