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This keynote addresses the intersection of cognitive translation and interpreting studies (CTIS) with brain-based research, offering a psychobiological perspective on cross-linguistic processes. I will begin by situating psychobiological approaches within the broader landscape of cognitive frameworks, highlighting their unique methodological and conceptual contributions. I will then synthesize recent neuropsychological, neuroscientific, and behavioral findings on the neural organization of translation and interpreting: from the lateralization of networks supporting cross-linguistic activity to their interaction with other linguistic mechanisms. Special attention will be given to the functional architecture and temporal dynamics of circuits recruited across translation directions, processing levels, and source-language units, as well as the system’s demonstrated susceptibility to training-induced plasticity and its measurable behavioral correlates. The final part of the talk will critically assess the field’s achievements, identifying both strengths and limitations, and outlining key priorities for future research. Briefly, by integrating evidence from bilingualism, neurolinguistics, and cognitive neuroscience, I aim to establish a robust platform for advancing the interdisciplinary dialogue between CTIS and brain science.