earticle

영어

This survey reviews beamforming methods that pair rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) with integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) under Cramér–Rao-based sensing criteria. We organize the literature by three goals—joint CRB–rate optimization, rate-under-CRB design (maximize rate subject to CRB guarantees), and CRB-under-rate design (minimize CRB subject to rate or SINR constraints)—and by three hardware settings (fully digital MIMO, RIS- and STARSassisted links, and millimeter-wave hybrid arrays). Common solver patterns combine the weighted minimum mean-squared error (WMMSE) method or fractional programming–quadratic transform (FP–QT) for the communication block with semidefinite relaxation (SDR), sequential convex approximation (SCA), or simple majorization for the sensing block, stitched together through alternating optimization (AO). A comparison table maps each study to its architecture, scenario, objective, and metrics. The main takeaway is practical: the RSMA common stream adds a useful control to traverse the CRB–rate tradeoff; surfaces improve angular diversity but require robust calibration; and hybrid designs benefit from hardware-aware formulations.