earticle

영어

Dolmen in Northeast Asia are distributed on the Liaodong Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan's Kyushu Island. Dolmens are representative tombs of the Bronze Age and archaeological remains that symbolize socio-political authority. The dolmen on Ganghwa Island are archaeological data that can explain the process of forming a political polity called the chief society in the Korean Bronze Age, while the dolmens on the Liaodong Peninsula are the socio-cultural foundation for political polities such as Old Chosun, Koguryeo, and Buyeo, the early countries of the Korean ethnicity. Therefore, understanding of dolmen on the Ganghwa Island and the Liaodong Peninsula related to the origin of the Korean political polity is a very important issue. Ganghwa Island is geographically located in the midwestern part of the Korean Peninsula and is located in the middle of the intersection of Korea's southern and northern cultures. Dolmen in the Liaodong region do not cross the Yoha River to the west, and according to the current surveys, the geographical northern limit line that does not reach the first Sōnghuā River is shown. A total of 176 dolmens reported in Ganghwa Island were surveyed at 39 areas in five regional groups. However, most of the dolmens in the Ganghwa region are concentrated in the northern part of the island. In particular, it shows a phenomenon of intensively distributing along the mountain slopes that developed between the northern mountainsides of Goryeo Mountain (436.3m) and the southern regions of the Jogang River. The number of dolmens reported in the Liaodong region is 105 in all four regional groups. Dolmens in the Liaodong region are very limited and distributed in the Bìliúhé River basin at the southern end of the Liaodong region, the Dàyánghé R iver b a sin in the southea st, or t he n orthea stern mountain b a sin from the upper reaches of Húnhé in Liaoning Province to the upper stream of Jílín Province. The dolmens of Ganghwa Island can be divided into the top of the mountain, the mountain ridge, the mountain slope, and the flatland, and the location of the slope below the mountain is generally high, indicating that the area with a gentle area and a good view is generally preferred as the site for construction rather than the flat land or the top of the mountain. This will not be i rrelevant to the fact that villages in the Ganghwa Island area are generally formed on the slope under the mountain. Dolmens in the Liaodong region are divided into mountainous and flatland types, and the mountainous type is built on the top of a mountain, a ridge, a hillside, a slope of a mountain, and a flatland type is divided into an alluvial area on the river or a flat area formed between the land and alluvial areas under these mountains. They are usually closely related to a large river and have a common point of being built by selecting an area with a very good view of the surroundings. Dolmen can be seen as a tombstone that belongs to the tradition of megalithic culture in that it creates a tomb where the body can be laid using large stones in capstone and supporting stone. The type classification of dolmens in Northeast Asia is classified into five types, such as table type, checkerboard-style or capstone type, circle-supporting stone type, and stone column type, depending on the presence or absence of a supporting stone in the construction type or the location and structure of the burial chamber. Among them, the types of dolmens in Ganghwa Island were built in two types such as table type and capstone type, and dolmens in the Liaodong region are also classified into two types like table type(dolmen) and capstone type(a tomb covered with a large stone). However, depending on the size of dolmens in the Liaodong region or the shape of the structure of a tomb under a capstone, the table style is subdivided into a large dolmen, a medium dolmen, and a small dolmen. According to the wall structure of the burial chamber, the capstone dolmen is subdivided into soil, soil + stone, and pit rock. Artifacts such as pottery, stoneware, bronze, jade, and bone fragments are excavated from dolmens in Northeast Asia. In the dolmen of Ganghwa Island, relatively simple artifacts such as stoneware, pottery, and jade are excavated. In the types of pottery, top-shaped pottery and pieces of red pottery are mainly excavated. Artifacts such as bronzeware, ironware, pottery, stoneware, jade, and animal bones are excavated from dolmens in the Liaodong region. Among them, ironware is excavated only from capstone dolmens in Huàdiàn-Pánshí area, and pottery is relatively diverse, including Misongri type pottery, Gongguiri type pottery, Shuāngfáng type pottery, Zhèngjiāwāzi shaped long neck jar, Dōngshān type short neck jar, red pottery, and Du shaped pottery. The date of construction of dolmens in Northeast Asia is later than that of Europe and slightly faster than that of Southeast Asia or India. The early date of dolmens in Korea is divided into the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age, and the later date suggested the early Iron Age. The construction of the dolmens in Ganghwa Island can be attributed to the early Bronze Age, in which the lips and bottom of the top-shaped pottery excavated from Ganghwa Island are very similar to the top-shaped pottery excavated from Seokgyo-ri in South Hwanghae Province and Geumtan-ri in Pyongyang. The theory of the construction of the Neolithic Age of dolmens in the Liaodong region argues that table-style dolmens began to be built in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula around 30~20C in B.C. The theory of construction in the Bronze Age takes into account the C14 measurements of the cha rcoa l samples of the pit houses, which have the same characteristics as artifacts usually excavated from dolmens, and is believed to have been popular around 16~14C in B.C. The late date of the Liaodong region is the latest in the Xīhuāngshāntún dolmens, where the burial structure of the dolmens where iron products are excavated is in the form of pit rocks. Although there are detailed differences between the dolmens in Ganghwa Island and the Liaodong region, both regions generally have a formal relationship called table type and capstone type. Korean dolmens can be evaluated as important archaeological remains in w hich a p olitica l polity ca l led t he c hief s ociety i s formed d uring the development of Korean history since prehistoric period. It can be seen that the construction of dolmens and the growth process of politics became the social foundation for Mahan's small country, as Lee Young-moon explained earlier by comparing the dolmens concentrated area with the location of the various Mahan countries suggested by Cheon Kwan-woo. Therefore, the construction of the dolmens in Ganghwa Island is archaeological data that proves the process of forming a political polity on Ganghwa Island, and the distribution of dolmens in the Liaodong region is closely related to the areas of Old Chosun, Buyeo, and Koguryeo, which were the early countries of the Korean ethnicity. Therefore, it can be said that understanding the Liaodong region and Ganghwa Island dolmens is a very important issue in determining the origin of the Korean political polity.

한국어

동북아시아의 고인돌은 요동반도, 한반도, 그리고 일본 구주(九州) 등지에 분포하고 있으며, 청동기시대의 대표적인 무덤이면서 사회정치적 권위를 상징하는 고고학적 유적이다. 강화도 고인돌 은 한국 청동기시대에 족장사회라는 정치체가 형성되는 과정을 설명해줄 수 있는 고고학적 자료이 며, 반면에 요동지방 고인돌은 한민족 초기국가들인 고조선･고구려･부여 등과 같은 정치체가 등장 하는 사회문화적 기반이 되고 있다. 따라서 한민족 정치체의 기원문제와 관련한 강화도와 요동지 방 고인돌의 이해는 매우 중요한 사안이라 하겠다. 강화도는 지리적으로 한반도의 중부지역에 위 치하고 있어 한국의 남방문화와 북방문화가 교차하는 중간지점에 위치하고 있고, 요동지방 고인돌 은 서쪽으로 요하를 넘지 못하며, 북쪽으로는 현재까지의 조사에 의하면 제1 송화강까지는 이르지 못하는 지리적인 북방 한계선을 보여준다. 강화도에서 보고된 고인돌은 5개 지역군 39개 지점에서 모두 176기가 조사되었다. 강화도 지역의 고인돌 대부분은 섬의 북쪽 일대에 집중적으로 분포하고 있다. 요동지방 고인돌은 요동지방 남단의 벽류하 유역과 동남쪽의 대양하 유역이나 요녕성의 혼 하 상류 지역에서 길림성의 휘발하 상류에 이르는 동북 산간 분지에 매우 제한적이고 편중되어 분 포하고 있다. 강화도와 요동지방 고인돌은 세부적인 차이가 있지만, 대체로 두 지역 모두 탁자식과 개석식이라는 형식학적 공통점이 존재한다. 한국의 고인돌은 선사시대 이래 한국사의 전개과정에 서 족장사회라는 정치체가 형성되는 중요한 고고학적 유물로 평가할 수 있다.