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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the effect of the hardness of dental barrel finishing media on the polishing amount and surface roughness (Ra) of different resin materials. Methods: Two types of media (Gray [G] and Pink [P]) and three types of resin (thermal polymerization resin [denture base, DB], autopolymerization resin [orthodontic appliance, OA], and photopolymerization resin for three-dimensional printing [crown & bridge, CB]: Vertex Rapid Simplified, Vertex Dental; Ortho-Jet, Lang Dental; Tera Harz TC-85DAC, Graphy) were used. The hardness values of the media and resin specimens were measured. The specimens were barrel-polished at a speed of 450 rpm for 25 minutes, and their weight loss was recorded. The change in Ra values was assessed. Results: The polishing amount was the highest in the G group among all three resins. The lowest Ra value was recorded in the DBP group at 0.21±0.01 μm; however, no significant differences were observed between the samples in either group (p>0.05). Conclusion: High-hardness G media are suitable when high polishing rates and efficiency are required. However, its performance may decline in the presence of substantial hardness mismatch with low-hardness workpieces. Conversely, low-hardness P media demonstrates excellent performance in fine surface polishing and is suitable for achieving smooth and uniform surface finish.