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Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of body composition and quadriceps muscle activation on pulmonary function in young adults. Methods: One hundred young adults participated in this study, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 for Windows. Body composition and the activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles were assessed. Pulmonary function was evaluated using forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed, with the significance level set at 0.05. Results: Among male participants, VL muscle activity was positively correlated with FEV1 (p<.05). However, VL muscle activity was not a significant predictor in regression analysis (p>.05). Muscle mass was a significant predictor of FVC (β=.64, p<.001), whereas mineral mass was a significant predictor of FEV1 (β=.63, p<.001). For female participants, body water mass was a significant predictor of FVC (β=.70, p<.001), whereas skeletal muscle mass was a significant predictor of FEV1 (β=.39, p<.05). Conclusion: The results suggest that the key determinants of pulmonary function exhibit sex-specific differences, emphasizing the importance of considering body composition variations between male and female individuals. Furthermore, these findings may provide insights for the development of individualized exercise programs that consider individual differences in body composition and pulmonary function.