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영어

At the base of the ordination platform at Tongdosa Temple, established in 646, a total of 54 representations of the Twenty-Eight Mansions were carved, based on the 『戒壇圖經』(Gyedandogyeong), a key Buddhist text. These figures, depicted as semi-naked forms seated on clouds, are thought to have been modeled after the 6th–7th century Chinese iconographic representations of the Twenty-Eight Mansions. The iconography of the Twenty-Eight Mansions at Tongdosa shares significant similarities with the Eight Classes of Divine Beings and the Twelve Zodiac Guardians found on the bases of Unified Silla stone pagodas. These parallels are evident in their size, spatial arrangement, and iconographic features. Such shared characteristics suggest that the figures may have derived from a common source, as all are considered subordinates of the Four Heavenly Kings. Notably, the crowns worn by the Twenty-Eight Mansions, particularly on the lower tier of the Tongdosa ordination platform, exhibit a distinctive feature resembling turbans. While current scholarship generally dates these carvings to the late Joseon Dynasty, they share notable commonalities with the Twenty-Eight Mansions on the Geumsansa ordination platform of the Goryeo Dynasty, as well as with the iconographic elements found on Unified Silla stone pagodas. Given these shared characteristics, it is plausible to suggest that the carvings on the Tongdosa ordination platform may predate the late Joseon period. They could even trace back to the 14th century, prior to the first recorded damage at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty.

한국어

646년 창건된 통도사계단의 상하 기단에는 『계단도경』에 의거해 상반신 나형으로 운좌에 앉아 천의를 휘날리는 야차형의 28수(칠성신)을 배치했다. 이들은 도상이 흡사한 중국 6세기의 오성이십팔수도나 돈황285굴, 7세기 이전에 성립한 (일본 전래) 28수 도상 등을 모본으로 했을 것이며, 이들이 쓴 관의 다수는 터번으로 보인다. 통도사계단 28수는 선행연구에서 조선 후기로 지적되지만, 이러한 상들은 금산사계단의 28수 중 조선 후기의 상이나 용연사계단(1673년)의 28수의 도상보다는, 통일신라석탑의 팔부중·십이지의 도상과 공통점이 많으며, 이들 모두가 사천왕의 권속이기에 도상을 공유한 것으로 보인다. 따라서, 하층을 중심으로 한 통도사계단 28수는 다수는, 통일신라의 규범을 계승한 것은 확실하며, 나말여초에 서 고려 중기 이전의 가능성이 보인다.