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영어

During the early Northern Song period, especially during Emperor Taizong’s two northern campaigns in the Yanyun region in the fourth year of the Taiping Xingguo and the third year of the Yongxi, a significant number of military and civilian populations from the Yanyun area either surrendered to the Song army or fled south, eventually dispersing across the regions of the Two Rivers and Central Plains. Many of these people were former Khitan soldiers and tribal people who were skilled in mounted archery and known for their bravery and combat prowess. Consequently, the Song court often recruited them into the army, forming several military units composed entirely of these people. These units were used for border defense or maintaining local security within the empire. According to historical records, various military formations were established by Khitan defectors, including the Khitan Zhi(契丹直) formed by Khitans, the Tuhun Xiaodi(吐渾小底) and Tuhun Zhi(吐渾直) formed by Tuhun people, the Guiming Bohai Command(歸明渤海指揮) established by the Bohai people, and the Three Tribes Command formed by the Shatuo(沙陀), Sage(薩葛), and Anqing(安慶) tribes from the regions in Shanhou. Other commands included the Guiming Shenwu Command(歸明神武指揮) and the Guiming Yulin Command(歸明羽林指揮) formed by surrendered soldiers from Youzhou, the Guiyuan Command(歸遠指揮) formed by surrendered soldiers from Feihu(飛狐) and Lingqiu(靈丘) from the regions in Shanhou, the Laihua Command(來化指揮) established by surrendered people from Feihu(飛狐) and Lingqiu(靈丘), along with the local soldiers from Shuozhou. The Anqing Zhi(安慶直), formed by the Anqing tribespeople from the Yun and Shuo regions in Shanhou, as well as the Qingshuo Command(淸朔指揮) and Qinrong Command(擒戎指揮), which were composed of the population from Yun and Shuo prefectures in Shanhou regions, were part of a total of 33 commands(each command consisting of 500 soldiers). Most of these military units were stationed in the Central Plains, allowing the Song court to better supervise and control them. Over time, as the soldiers from these surrendered units aged and gradually exited, these forces were largely disbanded and abolished during the reign of Emperor Song Shenzong.

한국어

北宋 전기, 특히 太宗 太平興國 4년과 雍熙 3년 두 차례에 걸쳐 燕⋅雲 지역으 로 북벌을 단행했을 때, 상당수의 연⋅운 지역 군민이 宋軍에 귀순하거나 남쪽으로 투항하여, 이후 兩河 및 中原 지역에 분산 거주하게 되었다. 이 歸明人들은 대부분 원래 契丹 군인이거나 기마⋅궁술에 능한 부족민으로 용맹하고 호전적이었기 때문 에, 송 조정은 그들을 자주 징집하여 군에 편입시켰으며, 귀명인들만으로 구성된 여 러 부대를 조직하여 변경 수비나 내지의 치안 유지 등에 활용하였다. 문헌을 통해 확인할 수 있는 거란 귀명인으로 조직된 군부대는 다음과 같다. 거란인이 조직한 契丹直, 吐渾人이 조직한 吐渾小底⋅吐渾直, 渤海人이 조직한 歸明 渤海指揮, 山後의 沙陀⋅薩葛⋅安慶 세 부족민이 조직한 三部落指揮, 幽州에서 귀순한 병사들이 조직한 歸明神武指揮⋅歸明羽林指揮, 飛狐⋅靈丘에서 귀순한 병 사들이 조직한 歸遠指揮, 비호⋅영구의 귀부민 및 朔州 내부 병민이 조직한 來化指 揮, 산후 雲⋅朔 등 주에서 귀명한 안경부락민이 조직한 安慶直, 산후 운⋅삭주의 민이 조직한 淸朔指揮⋅擒戎指揮 등이 있으며, 총 33개 지휘로 편성되었다(한 지휘 는 500명 규모). 이들 부대는 대부분 중원 지역에 주둔하여 송 조정의 감시와 통제 하에 놓이게 되었다. 이후 시간이 흐르면서 귀명한 병사들이 “나이가 들어 쫓겨나고” 점차 “소멸”됨에 따라, 이들 군대는 神宗 시기에 대부분 해체되고 폐지되었다.