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Purpose: This study aimed to examine the differences in nurses’ psychosocial work environment (PWE) in integrated nursing care wards (IWs) with higher nurse staffing and general wards (GWs) with lower staffing, and to analyze the effect of PWE on their health outcomes. Methods: Data were collected from 151 nurses in IWs and 156 nurses in GWs at a tertiary hospital in Seoul in 2023. The Korean version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire III was used to measure PWE and health outcomes. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of PWE on health outcomes. Results: The most negative aspects of the nurses’ work environment were found in the work demand domain. IW nurses (vs. GW nurses) reported lower work demand, better work organization and job contents, and a more positive work-individual interface. Nurse health outcomes were also better in the IWs. Lower work demand and better work-individual interfaces were positively associated with improved health outcomes, while ward type (IW vs. GW) was not significantly related to health outcomes. Conclusion: Reducing work demand by expanding integrated nursing care services nationwide and improving nurse staffing in GWs is crucial for improving health outcomes.