earticle

영어

This study aimed to examine changes to the titles and nature of a chief from the Bronze Age to the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period and investigate the characteristics of Gunjang of the Dahori relic. The term head was accepted as a ruler in an unequal society, but the present study used it as a chief of each society literally. The titles of a chief changed according to different periods. It was a village head during the former half of the Bronze Age, patriarch or matriarch during the latter half of the Bronze Age, and Gunjang in the early Iron Age and Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. While a patriarch or matriarch means a leader in an equal society based on blood ties, a Gunjang means a ruler of an unequal society. Gunjang of the Dahori relic was recorded as Jusu or Sinji in Books of Wei and Eastern Foreigners in the History of Three Kingdoms. A patriarch or matriarch was a leader of an equal society during the Bronze Age, when politics and religion were not separated with a patriarch or matriarch serving the roles of a shaman, as well. In the early Iron Age, a shaman changed into a chief priest. As a Gunjang appeared as a ruler of an unequal society, politics gradually started to be separated from religion. The separation of politics and religion was accelerated at the stage of the Dahori relic during the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period. The religious i mage o f a G unjang w as a lmost g one b y t he s tage o f S arari Relic No.130 during the period. A Gunjang(Jusu or Sinji) was buried in nine tombs where bronze daggers and mirrors were buried along with the deceased at the Dahori relic. It is estimated that the authority of a Jusu was inherited by his successor. A Gunjang was in overall charge of an entire village with village affairs divided among the chiefs under him to some degree. They specialized in their respective functions including mining, manufacturing of ironware, cultivation of farming land, taxation and trade, production of food, fighting as a warrior, and exchanges with foreign countries. Given that economic discrimination grows according to the social division of labor, it seems that the Dahori relic shows the full-scale division system of labor during the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period rather than the simple collaboration system found in the Bronze Age or early Iron Age.

한국어

청동기시대부터 원삼국시대까지 우두머리의 명칭과 성격이 어떻게 변화하는지를 살펴보고 다호리유적 군장의 특징을 살펴보았다. ‘首長’이라는 용어는 불평등사회의 지배자라는 뜻으로 받아들여졌지만, 본고에서는 말 그대로 각 사회의 우두머리란 뜻으로 사용하였다. 시대별로 우두머리의 명칭이 청동기시대 전기는 村長, 후기는 族長, 초기철기시대와 원삼국시대는 君長으로 변화하는데 명칭의 변화만큼 성격도 차이가 있다. 족장은 혈연적 평등사회의 지도자, 군장은 불평등사회의 지배자를 의미한다. 다호리유적의 군장은 『三國志』 魏書 東夷傳에 主帥 혹은 臣智라고 기록되어 있다. 청동기시대 족장은 평등사회의 지도자인데 이때는 정치와 종교가 분리되지 않아 족장이 巫의 역할을 같이 담당하였다. 초기철기시대가 되면 巫는 祭司長으로 변화한다. 불평등사회의 지배자인 군장이 등장하며 점차 정치와 종교가 분리되기 시작한다. 원삼국시대 다호리유적 단계가 되면 정치･종교 분리가 가속화된다. 원삼국시대 사라리유적 130호 단계가 지나면 군장에서 종교적 이미지가 거의 사라진다. 다호리유적에서 동검과 동경이 부장된 9기의 무덤 피장자가 君長(主帥 혹은 臣智)이다. 主帥의 권한을 계승하였을 것이다. 군장은 마을을 총괄하고 그 아래 우두머리 층에서 어느 정도 업무가 분장되었다. 직능별로 채광, 철기제작, 농지개간, 조세와 교역, 식량생산, 전사, 외국과의 교류 등을 담당하며 분업화하였다. 사회적 분업이 커질수록 경제적 차별성이 커진다고 한다면 다호리유적은 청동기시대나 초기철기시대에 보이는 단순한 협력체제가 아닌 원삼국시대의 본격적인 분업체제를 보여준다.