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Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the association between energy drink consumption and sleep duration and quality among Korean high school students. Methods: Data on 24,760 high school students were obtained from the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The association between energy drinks consumption and sleep duration and quality was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis in consideration of the complex sampling design. Results: 33.8% of respondents reported that they had at least one energy drinks in the past week. The majority (95.2%) of all subjects reported that the average sleep duration was less than 8 hours per day, and 84.7% of them were dissatisfied with sleep quality. After adjusting for confounding factors, higher energy drinks consumption was significantly associated with short sleep duration (< 8 hours/day) and unsatisfactory sleep quality. Conclusion: Insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality caused by energy drinks consumption can adversely affect the healthy development and functioning of high school students. Therefore, health education on the dangers of energy drinks and healthy sleep is needed, and it is urgent to prepare policies that can be realized at the national level.