earticle

영어

The finance of the Joseon Dynasty was operated based on accounting books on the public offering and tributes called Hweonggan (recording expenditures) and Gongan (recording revenues). It is understood that the financial demand in the royal family of the 16th century had increased rapidly since Yeonsangun (燕山君). Such an increase was said to be possible due to Shinyu Gongan which was made in the period of Yeonsangun Shinyu Gongan had a purpose to increase the volume of offerings and tributes that had been excessively reduced during the period of King Seongjong up to a practical level. The key concepts of Shinyu Gongan were appropriation and inflated bookkeeping on items. In the year of Shinyu, which was 1501 (7th year of Yeonsangun), the volume of offerings to the royal family was controlled reasonably. After then, however, the royal family abused appropriation and inflated bookkeeping and extended consumptions. The expenses assigned to operate the nation were forwarded to the royal family through Naesusa (Royal Treasury) and/or when the subjects entered the palace. The royal family used the items which had been intended for national use for their own purpose. The direct report system of Naesusa established in 1504 (10th year of Yeonsangun) and a written order or instruction ("Gamgyeol (甘結)") given by the higher-rank office to the lower-rank office, which performed led by a governmental office that exclusively in charge of tributes and offerings called Jeongong- Amun promoted the situation more. As white porcelains produced in Gwanyo (royal kiln) were one of the representative items that the royal family used, they should be reviewed in the general flow of the royal finance. Saongwon (Bureau of Palace Kitchen) was a representative Jeon-Gong Amun in the Joseon Dynasty. The King could easily get the porcelains produced and managed by the Saongwon through Gamgyeo. The royal family switched the use of porcelains which had been intended for the nation to their own purpose. During the process, it is assumed that the royal family-related mark was inscribed by dots in order to indicate the changed ownership of the porcelains. Also, by utilizing inflated bookkeeping on the white porcelains not recorded in the Hweonggan, they managed the increasing demand for white porcelains. Gwanyo (royal kiln) which was a branch office of Saongwon intensified additional production of white porcelains in order to produce newly appreciated porcelains, which was assumed to be an important element to produce white porcelains having the inscription of "別(meaning extra)".

한국어

조선시대 국가 재정은 공안(貢案)과 횡간(橫看)에 의해 운용되었다. 16세기 왕실 의 재정 수요는 연산군대부터 급증한 것으로 이해된다. 이를 가능하게 한 배경으로는 연산 군대에 제정된 신유공안(辛酉貢案)이 언급되고 있다. 신유공안은 성종대 지나치게 감소된 공액(貢額)을 현실적으로 증액하는 데 목적이 있 었다. 신유공안의 핵심은 물품의 전용(轉用)·가정(加定) 조례(條例)에 있다. 신유년인 1501년(연산군 7)은 공액이 합리적으로 조정되었다. 하지만 16세기 왕실은 전용·가정 을 악용하여 소비를 확장하였다. 그 결과, 국가를 운영하기 위한 경비가 입내(入內)와 내 수사를 통해 왕실로 유입되었다. 신유공안이 제정된 이후 이루어진 감결(甘結)에 의한 입 내, 그리고 1504년(연산군 10)에 확립된 내수사 직계제(直啓制)는 왕실의 소비를 더욱 촉 진하였다. 이러한 흐름은 관요 백자에도 동일하게 적용되었다. 왕실은 사옹원의 국용(國用) 백자를 내용(內用)으로 전용하였다. 이 과정에서 백자의 소 유권이 변화된 사실을 나타내기 위해 왕실 관련 명문을 그릇에 점각(點刻)하였다. 아울러 횡간에 기재되지 않은 백자를 가정하여 수요를 충당하였다. 사옹원의 분원(分院)인 관요는 기존의 별번에 새로이 가정된 백자까지 공급해야 했다. 이에 따라 별번(別燔)이 점차 강화 되었고, 이는 1560년대에 ‘別’銘白磁가 제작되는 중요한 배경으로 작용하였다. 사옹원은 어부(御府)로 인식될 정도로 친왕실적인 관청이었다. 왕실은 감결을 통해 사옹 원의 백자를 전용·가정하였기 때문에 큰 어려움 없이 백자에 대한 소비 욕구를 충족시킬 수 있었다.