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영어

The pronunciation of consonants depend on whether they are used alone or in relation with their preceding letters. When pronounced under the influence of a preceding letter, consonants tend to be pronounced in fortis. In general, ‘か’ and ‘た’ in the middle or end of a word are pronounced in fortis unlike those at the beginning of a word. Even the same word can be pronounced differently according to the way it is read. When a word is read with a pause between its syllables, even the letters in the middle or end of the word are pronounced like the letters at the beginning. Positions at the beginning, middle, and end of a word determine whether the pronunciation of a letter is under the influence of its preceding letter. The pronunciation of voiceless ‘か’ and ‘た’ sounds are influenced by their positions, but those of voiced ‘か’ and ‘た’ sounds are not influenced by their positions and can be pronounced ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ’ like ‘g’ and ‘d’ and should not be pronounced ‘ㅋ’ or ‘ㄲ’ and ‘ㅌ’ or ‘ㄸ,’ respectively. Even when they are pronounced ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ,’ their pronunciation should be heavy and not strong. The pronunciation, ‘か’ and ‘が’ sounds correspond to ‘ㅋ’ and ‘ㄱ’ sound, and ‘た’ and ‘だ’ sounds correspond to ‘ㅌ’ and ‘ㄷ’ sounds. In the phonological aspect, however, their phonetic values do not correspond one-on-one. There are subtle differences in the sound band between ‘か’ and ‘た’ and ‘ㅋ’ and ‘ㅌ’ and between ‘が’ and ‘だ’ and ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ,’ which means that a good understanding of the differences is required for accurate pronunciation. Compared with ‘ㅋ’ and ‘ㅌ’ in Korean, ‘か’ and ‘た’ sounds have weaker ‘k’ and ‘t’ elements. That is, ‘ㅋ’ and ‘ㅌ’ should be pronounced a little weaker for ‘か’ and ‘た’ for their original pronunciation. ‘ㅋ’ and ‘ㅌ’ have a stronger pronunciation than the original sounds of ‘か’ and ‘た,’ and ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ’ have a weaker pronunciation than their original sounds. ‘か’ and ‘た’ sounds are between ‘ㅋ’ and ‘ㄱ’ and between ‘ㅌ’ and ‘ㄷ,’ respectively. In addition, ‘が’ and ‘だ’ sounds are also close to ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ’ in Korean, but the strong pronunciation of ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ’ cannot reflect the accurate pronunciation of ‘が’ and ‘だ’ sounds. One can pronounce ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ’ comfortably for ‘が’ and ‘だ’ sounds in the middle or end of a word, but ‘が’ and ‘だ’ sounds at the beginning cannot be reflected simply by ‘ㄱ’ and ‘ㄷ.’

일본어

子音の発音は単独で発音されるかそれとも前の字との関係の中で発音されるかによって変わる場合がある。前の字の影響を受けて発音される子音は濃音になる傾向があるが、｢か｣行と｢た｣行の音は、語頭ではなく語中･語尾に位置すると濃音に発音されやすくなる。同じ字でもこれをどう読むかによって発音が変わったりするが、単語を音節単位に切って読むと、語中･語尾に位置する字でも語頭に位置する字のように読むことがある。結局、語頭に位置するか、語中･語尾に位置するかは前の字の影響を受けるか受けないかを意味するのだと言えよう。 無声音である｢か｣行と｢た｣行の発音は位置に影響を受けるが、有声音である｢が｣行と｢だ｣行は位置に影響を受けず、｢g｣｢d｣のように韓国語｢ㄱ｣｢ㄷ｣として発音すればいいが、｢ㅋ/ㄲ｣｢ㅌ/ㄸ｣として発音してはいけない。但し、｢ㄱ｣｢ㄷ｣といっても強くならないようにやや低くて重そうな感じで発音する。 ｢か｣行と｢が｣行、｢た｣行と｢だ｣行の発音を｢ㅋ｣と｢ㄱ｣、｢ㅌ｣と｢ㄷ｣の発音に対応させるが、音韻論的な面からしてこれらの音価が一対一と対応しているとは言えない。｢か｣行｢た｣行と｢ㅋ｣｢ㅌ｣、それから｢が｣行｢だ｣行と｢ㄱ｣｢ㄷ｣が微妙に音の領域を異にし、その発音の違いを理解しなければ正確な発音はできない。 ｢か｣行と｢た｣行は韓国語の｢ㅋ｣と｢ㅌ｣に比べ｢k｣と｢t｣の要素が弱い。つまり、｢か｣行と｢た｣行は｢ㅋ｣과｢ㅌ｣をやや弱めに発音しなければ原音に近く発音できないということである。｢か｣行と｢た｣行を韓国語の｢ㅋ｣と｢ㅌ｣のように発音すれば原音より強く聞えるし、｢ㄱ｣と｢ㄷ｣のように発音すればやや弱く聞え、｢か｣行と｢た｣行は｢ㅋ｣と｢ㄱ｣、｢ㅌ｣と｢ㄷ｣の間の音である考えなければならないであろう。 また、｢が｣行と｢だ｣行も韓国語の｢ㄱ｣と｢ㄷ｣に近いが、これも｢ㄱ｣と｢ㄷ｣を強く発音しては｢が｣行と｢だ｣行を反映することが難しい。｢が｣行と｢だ｣行が語中･語尾に位置する場合は｢ㄱ｣と｢ㄷ｣として発音してもかまわないが、語頭に位置する｢が｣行と｢だ｣行は｢ㄱ｣と｢ㄷ｣として単純に発音してはいけないのである。