earticle

영어

Hwanseong Jian 喚醒 志安 (1664-1729) was a Korean eminent monk who was a direct descendent of the master Pyeonyang’s dharma lineage, the largest lineal school in the genealogical line of the great Cheongheo Hyujeong who is known to have led the late-Chosŏn monastic community. Jian was the master of the lineal school according to genealogical descent. As we can tell from his Essentials of the Five Chan Schools 禪門五宗綱要 (Seonmun Ojong Gangyo), his Hwaeom commentaries, and his popular dharma talks, he was a meditation monk who had put to practice the harmonization of meditation (Seon) and scholasticism (Gyo). At one time late in life, while Jian held a Hwaeom dharma talk with over a 1,000 people in attendance, he was falsely charged which led to his exile to Jeju Island where he passed away. As a transmitter of Linji (Imje) dharma lineage, Jian maintained the lineal transmission of the Buddhist order while pursuing harmonization and concomitant practice of meditation and scholasticism. Despite his position in the transmission of the Korean Buddhist tradition, research on Jian is highly lacking. This paper will examine the following: Hwanseong Jian’s works and life, the transmission of the lineage and the genealogical descent of the of Pyeonyang’s dharma line where Jian belongs, the issues of coexistence of meditation and scholasticism placed in the context of the history of thought. First, Jian’s commentaries, Hwaeom dharma talks, and his itinerant teachings will be examined. Next, Pyeonyang’s direct lineage and its relative standing, his disciples and relationship with Tongdo Temple, the syncretism of meditation and scholasticism that was carried out through Seolsong Yeoncho 雪松 演 初, a disciple of Jian, and an integrated understanding of the genealogy will be discussed. I also examine his work, Essentials of the Five Chan Schools and the “doctrine of supremacy of meditation or scholasticism” and the “doctrine of oneness of meditation and scholasticism” that appeared in the nineteenth century debate on meditation. By comparing these two doctrines the portrait of the congruity and synthesis of meditation and scholasticism that was pursued will be brought back to light. Especially by bringing into the relief the relationship between Tongdo Temple and Hwanseong Jian I will examine the situation of the genealogy and with this will shed new light on his life and thought.

한국어

喚醒 志安(1664-1729)은 조선후기 불교계를 주도한 청허계의 최대 문파 편양파의적전계보를 잇는 법맥상의 종사이다. 또한 그는 『禪門五宗綱要』, 화엄강학과 대규모법회에서 알 수 있듯이 선과 교의 융합을 실천한 선승이자 종장이기도 했다. 한편 지안은말년에 1,000명이 넘는 대중이 모여 성황리에 열린 화엄법회로 인해 무고를 당하였고결국 제주도로 유배되어 입적하였다. 이처럼 지안은 조선시대 임제법통의 전승자이자선과 교의 조화와 공존을 추구하여 宗統을 구현한 이였지만 그에 대한 연구는 매우 적은실정이다. 이 글에서는 환성 지안의 이력과 생애, 그가 속한 편양파 법맥계보와 종통의 전승, 사상사의 흐름 속에서 본 선과 교의 공존 문제를 검토하였다. 먼저 지안의 강학과 화엄법회, 순교 문제를 다루었다. 이어 편양파 적전의 계보와 위상, 그의 문도와 통도사와의관계, 제자 雪松 演初를 매개로 한 선과 교의 회통과 통합적 법맥 인식에 대해 고찰하였다. 그리고 선에 대한 저술인 󰡔선문오종강요󰡕의 내용을 분석하고 19세기 선 논쟁에 나타난 선종우위론과 선교일치론의 대비를 통해 선과 교의 조화와 융합을 모색한 그의 면모를 되살려보았다. 특히 그동안 알려져 있지 않았던 통도사와 환성 지안의 인연을 부각시켜 종통상의 조사로서 그의 삶과 사상을 재조명하고자 했다.