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This paper examines the correlation between vegetarianism and social improvement in Shelley’s “A Vindication of Natural Diet”. By using comparative anatomy to compare the similarities and differences between animal and human body structures, Shelley emphasizes that the human body is suitable for vegetarianism. Therefore, he insists that people with a compassion for animals can lead a healthy life on a vegetarian diet. In particular, Shelley firmly believes that practicing a vegetarian diet can improve society. Firstly, as Shelley gives examples of tyrants, Nero and Muley Ismael, eating meat and drinking alcohol turn people into violent tendencies. Therefore, vegetarianism and temperance can reduce violence in society. Secondly, to tackle hunger in the poor, using land to grow vegetables rather than as a pasture to produce meat is a more effective use of the land. Thirdly, the transition into a vegetarian diet can lead to a change in social class differences by restoring the rights of farmers whose right to labor is exploited and by forming a solidarity across social classes by eating the same vegetable based diet. Overall, Shelly argues that vegetarianism can lead to the greatest benefits to society as a whole.