earticle

영어

Private documents are common in people’s daily life. In recent years, the problem of authenticity of private documents in judicial practice has often become the focus of disputes between the parties in the proceedings, which affects the success of litigation. Especially in the loan civil lawsuit, promissory note’ loan receipts and other documents is the key direct evidence to prove the establishment of the loan relationship. However, the current legal norms in China does not make specific provisions on which the parties should prove the evidence of the authenticity of the private document and on how to judge the authenticity of the private document. On the other hand, it is clearly stated that the theoretical level has not yet formed a unified judgment. The double-level deficiency of the theoretical level and the legal norm can’t meet the needs of the practical circles so that the judgments made by the judges will inevitably present the scene of “different judgments in the same case.” Therefore, this paper is based on the realistic dilemma of the authenticity of the private documents in China. Through the combing of the relevant proof theory and the summary of relevant judicial practice experience and judicial cases, relying on the specific proof of responsibility theory, combined with dynamic process of the judges that judges can form a credible evidence sure , the paper proposes a staged proof concept and a specific structure for the proof of the true establishment of the private document in order to solve the problem of responsibility distribution of the authenticity of the private document. The evidence facts of the authenticity of the private document are auxiliary facts, and the proof of the authenticity of the fact belongs to the scope of burden of production. In the stage of evidence investigation, the burden of proposing proof moves back and forth between the parties as the judge's state of confident changes. Under the premise of the doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence, this paper puts the problem of authenticity of private documents under the theoretical framework of litigation proof for dynamic research and analysis. In order to solve the problem of the authenticity of private documents, this paper attempts to establish the typed and staged practical rules for the reference of the practice field.

한국어

사문서는 우리가 일상생활에서 자주 볼 수 있는 것으로 최근 몇 년 간 사법실무에서 사문서의 진위 문제가 소송절차에 있어 당사자 쌍방의 쟁점으로 되고 있다. 즉, 사문서의 지위 문제가 소송의 성패에 영향을 미치고 있다. 또한 민사소송에 있어, 차용증서나 영수증 등의 대차증명은 대차관계의 성립여부를 판단하는 중요한 직접적 증거이다. 하지만 중국은 현재 법규범 면에서 사문서의 진실성에 대하여 어떤 당사자가 증명할 것인지, 재판에 있어 사문서의 진위 등에 대한 문제를 어떻게 판단할 것인지에 대한 구체적인 규정이 없다. 또한 이론적으로도 여전히 통일적 의견이 형성되어 있지 않다. 이로 인해 ‘동일한 사안에 대한 다른 판결(同案不同判)’이라는 문제를 피할 수 없게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 중국의 사문서 진위 증명에 존재하는 실질적 문제를 검토하고, 증명과 관련한 이론을 분석하고 사법실무에서의 경험과 사법사례를 검토함으로써 증명책임이론을 체계화하여, 사문서의 진실성 설립과 증명력 및 입증책임 분배 문제에 대한 해결방안을 제시한다.

중국어

私文书在人们的日常生活中具有常见性, 且近些年来司法实践中私文书真伪问题时常成为诉讼程序中当事人双方的争议焦点, 影响着诉讼成败。尤其是在借贷民事诉讼中, 借条、收条等借贷凭证是证明借贷关系成立与否的关键的直接证据。然而我国目前法规范层面对于私文书的真实性具体应由何方当事人证明及裁判者具体如何判断私文书的真伪等问题未作出明确规定, 理论层面也尚未形成统一的判断, 理论层面与法规范层面的双层缺失无法满足实务界的需求, 致使法官所作出的裁判难免呈现“同案不同判”的景象。 因而本文立足于我国私文书真伪证明存在的现实困境, 通过对相关证明理论的梳理以及相关司法实务经验与司法案例的总结, 依托于具体的提出证明责任理论, 结合法官形成心证确信的动态过程, 就私文书真实成立的证明提出阶段化证明理念及具体结构, 以解决私文书真伪证明的责任分配问题。 私文书真伪的证据事实是辅助事实, 对该事实真伪的证明属于提出证据责任范畴。在证据调查阶段, 提供证据责任随着法官心证状态的变化在双方当事人之间来回游移。在适用自由心证原则的前提下, 本文将私文书真伪证明的问题放置于诉讼证明的理论框架之下进行动态的研究与分析。为解决私文书真伪的证明问题, 本文试图建立类型化与阶段化的实务操作规则, 以供实务界参考。