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영어

This paper examines the aspect of ‘hitowarae (social ridicule),’ which is first appeared in the literary work of the Heian period era and is gradually strengthened by the behavior ethics of nobles. It especially points at of the literary work of middle-class female writers, who have written the experience of marriage or love with a noble male, while serving the Heian noble courts nearby. ‘Hitowarae’ appearing in the fictional Monogatari has been functioning as a kind of morality measure, by which usually the noble characters, constantly aware of their surroundings, control their actions and not to provoke deprecation, however, this paper examines how ‘hitowarae’ developed its presence among middle-class female writers, who have experienced Heian noble society at first-hand.