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So far, the researcher has examined the rural society of Shao-yang hsien, Pao-ch‘ing fu, Hunan-province during the Late Qing and the Republic. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was a remarkable increase in population. There was 83.74% increase in population in Guangxu 33 when compared to the period of Chiaqing 25(1816) 870,000 people increased from 1816 to 1934 and the increase rate was 134.98%.The city population showed 273.8% increase between 1815 and 1907 Compared to the 101.95% increase of the total population, it can be said that the dynasty became remarkably urbanized. Particularly, it should be noted that the urban population had increased three times from 1815 to 1934 even though the dynasty belonged to the category of traditional society with the low rate of urban population. The dynasty was vaguely considered as a rural society in terms of job; however, the fact that the number of farmers and merchants was equivalent as 120,000, respectively, indicates that the country was in the stage of transition from traditional farming society to commercial and industrial society during the Late Qing and the Republic. And the unemployment rate of the country was estimated to remain at 8.8%. With regard to the development of shizhen, there were originally 10 shizhens. Later eleven shizhens were newly established and two out of the existing shizhens was abolished. Overall, the increase of shizhens from 10 to 19 in number reflects the remarkable development of commerce.The newly established shizhens are located at the eastern area of the country near Hsiang-hsiang and Heng-yang and other shizhens were established around nearby Hsien and main roads.. This tells that the trade between Hsien and Hsien was active Goods such as farming products, mining products, and handiworks were exported in Shao-yang hsien; a lot of daily necessities and luxury items were imported. This indicates that western products got into circulation in the area, as shown in other case studies Many western products circulated during the time were manufactured in Shanghai and Hubei. The distribution of western products means that the standard of living in the area improved.The western products made in the domestic area show the early aspects of industrialization through imitation. There was a remarkable increase in the crop production in the area of farming. It was groundbreaking that the people were not self-sufficient during the period of ChiaQing 21(1816) with the population of 640,000, but they became self-sufficient in grain in the period of Guangxu 33 with the population of 1,200,000. It is considered that the amount of products and productivity improved even though some rice was imported from the same Fu, Wugang during the period of 1930s with the population of 1,200,000. It was shown that the efforts had been made to enlarge cultivating area and improve the productivity per the unit area, breeds, and old and new farming tools. The support ability of population was remarkably improved when compared to the previous period with enough supply of food. The cultivation of commercial crops had been enlarged with the increase of foreign trade after the Opium War, as in other areas of Hunan.During the period of the Republic the cultivation of crops had been diminished with the decrease of oversea demand; however, it was largely due to the quality of the products made in China.It cannot be said that the commercial farming caused the breakdown of a farmer's life as a result of the invasion of imperialist.During this period the poverty of general farmers was noticed, but the problem cannot be said to be worse than that in the previous time. The researcher do not agree with the argument that the imperialism is entirely responsible for all the problems which occurred in the process of modernization of China. Rather, he argues that the imperialism is partially responsible for it.The rural society of China accords with ‘Export Leading Growth theory’; the society is growing up with the foreign trade.The researcher believes that such problems due to the lack of capitals and technology in China are common in most countries which face the same problems in the stages of development of capitalism.