earticle

한국어

This study concerns the research of the various kinds of music used during military ceremonies in the Joseon dynasty (1392-1910) and also explores its distinctive characteristics. As we shed some light on the character of this music, rather than thinking of this music conceptually within the general category of military music (gunak, 군악), it is the intent of this study to look at the specific circumstances in which this music was used. Just as military rituals in the early Joseon period differed considerably from those performed in the later Joseon, the same was the case for its music. In the early Joseon period, performance groups were not formed in military camps, instead ensembles formed out of the Jangakwon performed Korean court music(a-ak 아악), court music of post-Tang dynasty China (rang-ak, 당악), and a kind of processional or ceremonial music referred to as kochwi-ak(고취악), literally "drumming and blowing music". However by the late Joseon, military bands called the Chwikosu(취고수), Saeaksu(세악수), and the Naechwi(내취 ) were formed within military camps and mainly performed hyangak(향악, literally, "native Korean music"). In the early Joseon military ceremonies called the Sawusadanui(사우사단의) or "archery ceremony" and Kwan-sawusadanui(관사우사단의) or "public viewing archery ceremony," musical bands such as the Deung-ga(등가), Heon-ga(헌가), and Kochwi(고취) were set up to perform. During the ceremony called Daeyeolui(대열의), music called Kochwiak was performed. During the ceremony called Kyedongdaenaui( 계동대나의) a Jangakwon(장악원) ensemble court musician would perform on an instrument called the koㆍjaengㆍjeok (鼓ㆍ錚ㆍ笛) while someone played the ceremonial role of changsu(唱帥) who performed all the necessary gestures and incantations. In this type of ceremony, military bands did not participate. In one exceptional military ceremony called Chwigakryeong(취각령), the Chwigakin(취각인), who was a member of the military, participated in the ceremony by playing an instrument called the gak( 角). In addition, during an solar/lunar eclipse musicians would play blue, red and white drums and during other types of archery ceremonies called the Hyangsaui and the local musicians would play keumseul ( 琴瑟) instruments. During the archery ceremonies called Sawusadanui and Kwan-sawusadanui, the Deung-ga band played a piece called Seonganjiak(성안지악), while the Heon-ga band played the Seonganjiak piece in addition to Hwa-anjiak(화안지악), Yunganjiak(융안지악), etc., as well as other types of court music. However, after the reign of King Sejong, Seonganjiak, Hwa-anjiak and Yunganjiak were no longer played and instead, the pieces Yeominlakryeong(여민락령), Yeoseong(역성) were performed. As part of Royal processions the front and rear kochwi bands played the pieces Yeominlakman(여민락만), Seongsumugangman(성수무강만), Yeominlakryeong(여민락령), Boheojaryeong(보허자령) and Hwangungak(환궁악) as well other types of tangak (post-Tang dynasty court music) and kochwiak (processional music). What is important here is that the genres of music that were used in the military music of the early Joseon period were a-ak (court music), tangak, and kochwiak. In the case of one of the late Joseon military ceremonies called Daesaw (archery, 대사의), the Deung-ga, Heon-ga and Kochwi bands were formed out of the Jangakwon. In the Yeonsaui(연사의) archery ceremony and in a special military award ceremony and banquet called Chinlimhogweui(친림호궤 의), the Chwikosu(취고수) and Saeaksu(세악수) military bands performed a type of music called koak ( 鼓樂). In the ceremonies called Chinlimyungmudaeshisaui (archery ceremony performed in the Yungmudae, 침림융무대시사의), Daeyeolui, Seongjoui, and Yajoui (military training ceremonies, 대열의, 성조의, 야조의), the genre of chwita (daechwita and sochwita, 취타) was performed. In the archery ceremony called Chinlimshisaui(친림시사의) only the ko(鼓) drum and the jaeng(錚) gong was played. During Guwuolshik(구월식), a ceremony performed to ward against an eclipse, the jaeng(錚) gong was played. In addition, in the military ceremonies of the late Joseon, chwita (daechwita and sochwita) was mainly played during military camp training exercises, where each instrument had a role in skillfully signaling the transmission of orders to the troops. Though it is difficult to know exactly what daechwita and sochwita was like at the time, now the Muryeongjikok(무령지곡) musical score is commonly thought of as daechwita. During the Chinlimhogweui (military award ceremonial banquet), the Saeaksu band played Yeominlak(여민락), Yongsanhoesang(영산화상) and Gunak(군악). Currently, Chwita(취타), Gilgunak(길 군악), Giltaryong(길타령), Byeolujotaryong(별우조타령), Gunak(군악) and other types of haengak (processional music, 행악) are in transmission but there is no record of these exact pieces being be used in the military ceremonies that have been examined in this study. With this in mind, in the late Joseon hyangak (native Korean music) was the primary rype of music used during military ceremonies. In the early Joseon military ceremonies, the performing bands of the Jangakwon mainly played a-ak, tangak, and kochwiak while on the other hand, in the late Joseon the Chwikosu, Saeaksu and Naechwi bands appeared to have performed hyangak (native Korean music). These musical bands also participated in several activities outside of the military camps, thus creating a sphere of activity that was quite broad. Because of this, these bands had a strong influence on the musicians of the late Joseon period. In the future, there is a need to further research the formation, background, origins and music of these late Joseon military camp bands.