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영어

Jwago (seated drum), which is currently incorporated into orchestral music, was a key percussion instrument which was incorporated in the Samhyeon yukgak (instrumental sextet) accompaniment for dance in the court music during the Joseon period. The Jwago was suspended from a frame erected by two pillars, and was played by the player who sat on the floor. It was so named, meaning a seated drum. The name first entered in the records on the celebration of King Gojong's joining Giroso (a circle of elderly retired civil officials) which were compiled in 1902 (39th year of King Gojong's resign), Chapter on April Membership Congratulation Feast. Jwago is another name of Gyobanggo. Gyobanggo was placed on the frame erected by four pillars as well as by crossing bars,with the drum face directed upwards, and was beaten and played by moving the stick up and down. Also, Gyobang was suspended from a frame erected with two pillars, with the drum faces directed towards the right and left sides, and was played by moving the stick right and left. Of these two types, the latter was called Jwago. The upward and downward percussion-type Gyobanggo was used since the Goryeo period, and the right and left percussion-type Gyobanggo appeared in the second half of Joseon. The former Gyobanggo has been handed down as a dance accompaniment instrument for Mugojeongjae (a kind of court music) until present day, but was played until the 1800s, and was replaced by the latter Gyobanggo. The right and left percussion-type Gyobanggo began to be played in the royal court around 1828, but it had been previously used in local governments and among the people. Gyobanggo was played in a certain place, and also was played as it was moved. The way continued until the end of the 1600s that the upward and downward percussion-type Gyobanggo was played in a certain place with the player being seated or standing. It was played in the 1700s and thereafter with the player standing. The right and left percussion-type Gyobanggo was played as the player must be seated. It thus was named as Jwago or seated drum.

한국어

좌고(座鼓)는 현재 관현편성으로 조선시대 궁중음악을 연주할 때나 삼현육각(三絃六角)편성으로 춤반주를 할 때 빠지지 않고 편성되는 타악기이다. 2개의 기둥을 세워 만든 가자(架子)에 매달아 놓고 앉아서 연주하는 북인 좌고란 명칭은 고종의 기로소입소(耆老所入所) 경축 연향을 기록한 1902년(고종39) 『임인[4월]진연의궤(壬寅四月進宴儀軌)』에 처음 등장하였다. 좌고는 바로 교방고(敎坊鼓)의 다른 이름이다. 교방고에는 4개의 기둥에 가로목을 쳐서 만든 가자(架子)에 북면을 위로 향하게 걸어 놓아 북채를세로로 움직이며 연주하는 형태와 2개의 기둥을 세워 만든 가자(架子)에 북면이 좌우가 되도록 매달아북채를 가로로 움직이며 연주하는 형태의 두 종류가 있는데, 이 중 후자의 것이 좌고로 불린 것이다. 종타형(縱打型) 교방고는 고려시대 이래 사용되어 오던 것이고, 횡타형(橫打型) 교방고는 조선시대후기에 등장하였다. 전자는 무고정재(舞鼓呈才) 무구(舞具)로는 현재까지 전승되나 연주용으로는 1800년대 전반까지만 사용되고, 후자로 대체되었다. 횡타형 교방고는 1828년경부터 궁중에서 연주되었으나,지방 관아와 민간에서는 그 이전부터 쓰였다. 교방고는 일정 장소에서 연주하기도 하고 이동하면서 연주하기도 하였는데, 일정장소에서 연주하는경우 종타형 교방고는 1600년대 말까지는 앉아서 연주하기도 하고 서서 연주하기도 했으나 1700년대 이후는 주로 서서 연주한 반면에, 횡타형 교방고는 항상 앉아서 연주하였다. 이런 이유로 좌고로 불리운것이다.