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Lee, Bokki. “Ishiguro’s When We Were Orphans: Duality of Fantasy.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 43.1 (2017): 147-166. This paper analyzes the double functions of fantasy, which has been preserved by the narrator Christopher Banks. As Freud’s grandson played Fort/Da game to recover his mastery when his mother left, Christopher started playing a detective game with his Japanese friend Akira in order to master the uncontrollable reality. The game lasts to become a fantasy world in which Christopher feels safe and grows the possibility of recovering the past haven, his home with his parents. In this sense his fantasy world functions positively to empower him to carry on in London without his parents. However, it binds Christopher around the past memory and distort his ability for objective perception of reality even in his adulthood. As fantasy has dual functions, idealism also has dual faces. The International Settlement in Shanghai symbolizes ideal future society with its mixture of races and cultures in the novel. However, when its dark hidden foundation tarnished with profit seeking and wicked intention is revealed, readers can recognize the duality of idealism. Still, the novel suggests that we should control the negative sides of fantasy, nostalgia, and idealism, and recourse to them for relief of the individual pains and destruction and shattering of the world that the individuals and the humanity may face. (Chonbuk National University)