earticle

영어

In this paper I present new perspectives based on an analysis of basic debates on and research problems about gilt-bronze Buddha statues of the Southern Dynasties based on a visit to Nanjing in 2008. According to decorated fragments, the Buddhist statuary can be divided into triads, single bodhisattvas, mandorlas, pedestal and figures. It appears that they date to the end of the 5th century to the early 6th century A.D. However, some are thought to have been discarded and destroyed in the early 6th century due to a number of defective and incomplete examples. The names of statuary have been confirmed for one triad and two mandorlas, they are Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva and the Medicine Buddha. In the Southern Dynasties, with the exception of the Lotus Sūtra, they have a special and concentrated relationship with texts such as Amitāyurdhyāna Sūtra and The Records of Miracles Concerning Avalokiteśvara. Through written records and the excavated buddhist statuary of Nanjing, there is characteristic clothing of the single Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva statue and the triad of the Nanjing area. In the society of Nanjing, the belief in the Medicine Buddha began with regular people after the translation of 『藥師琉璃光經』 by Huijian (慧簡) in 457. Because the fragment of the Medicine Buddha statue that gave a clue to its name is a mandorla fragment, we cannot fully comprehend a concrete aspect of the statue. The pattern of the mandorla fragment that gives a clue to the name of the Buddha triad is the same as other examples, and it is only the Medicine Buddha about which we cannot ascertain the character. Debates about and research problems related to the exchange and transmission of buddhist statuary of the Northern and Southern Dynasties of East Asia and have been articulated in terms of Buddhist triads. However, except for triads, I present opinions on the origin and lineage of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva statue, mandorla patterns, and data from Taoist decorative fragments. The structure of the Buddhist triads of the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Korean Three Kingdoms Period influenced each other and so it is difficult to separate them according to this. However, the Three Kingdoms received influence from Shandong and Nanjing, and the root of the origin is the gilt-bronze statuary of the Nanjing. It has been discovered that he gilt-bronze Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva statues of Nanjing are similar to those of Baekje and Goguryeo, and with the exception of the Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva statue holding a cintamani in both hands, the abhaya mudra and varada mudra have been confirmed. The fragment of a Nanjing pagoda containing design elements is similar to the Northern Dynasties, but expressions of apsaras in tombs of the Southern Dynasties are similar, and are generally similar to fragments excavated from Buyeo corresponding to Baekje. Arabesque design mandorlas and wide 100 cm mandorlas with lotus + radial design + circles + arabesques + flames have not been confirmed, but it has been discovered that the four-sided Buddha statue and mandorlas completely resemble those of the Yesan (Ch: Yeshan) and the Neungsan-ri (Ch: Nengsanli) temple site, respectively. Finally, the gilt-bronze statuary of the Three Kingdoms of Korea directly received influence from those excavated from Nanjing and those of the Shandong in the Northern Dynasties. Those of Shandong and the Three Kingdoms were transmitted from various areas of the north.

한국어

필자는 2008년 남경시에서 발견된 남조 금동불상들을 현지조사한 후 분석하였고, 그 결과내용은 기존에 논쟁점이 되어온 문제점들에 대해 새로운 견해를 제시하였다. 남경 출토 금동상은 일광삼존상과 단독 불보살상, 광배, 대좌, 장식편으로 분류할 수 있으며, 5세기 후반~6세기 전반으로 편년된다. 이 금동상들은 불량품, 미완성품이면서 6세기 중반 인공적인 훼손을 거친 후 폐기된 것으로 추정하였다. 일광삼존보살상 1점, 광배 2점에서 존상명을 언급한 명문이 확인되었으며 존상명은 관세음상과 약사상이었다. 남경지역의 남조 관음상은 단독상, 삼존상의 구조를 가지며 특히 삼화보관을 특징으로 하였다. 약사상은 삼존상이 결여된 금동광배로 현존하며, 광배 문양들은 동시대 일광삼존상과 동일하였다. 남조와 북조, 삼국시대의 일광삼존불은 서로 유사하여 이들을 구분하는 작업이 쉽지 않다. 우리나라는 산동, 남경의 영향을 받고 있지만 근본적인 기원처는 남경 금동상으로 비정할 수 있었다. 남경의 금동관음상, 보탑문 장식편, 테두리선을 휘감는 권초문 광배문양, 대형 광배의 복합문양은 북조에서는 동일한 문양이 확인되지 않았다. 그러나 우리나라 고구려, 백제 불상에서는 유사성이 강하게 확인되었다. 특히 백제 부여 출토 사비기 관음상, 예산 사방불 광배, 능산리사원지 출토 대형 광배 등은 남경 출토 금동상과 완전히 닮았음을 발견하였다.