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영어

The public officers of Samsa(三師;Taesa, Taebu, Taebo) and Samgong(三公;Three Excellencies; Taewee, Sado, Sagong) were established as the first grade of the official ranks in the reign of King Seongjong(成宗), and appointed against the top officials and royal family. In the Yuan interference age, except Sado(司徒) and Sagong(司空), the public officers of Samsa were abolished, and in the period between 5 and 8 years of King Gongmin(恭愍王), only the Sado and Sagong were appointed, and since then totally disappeared. Compared with the Tang Dynasty(唐王朝), there were many appointments of the public officers of Samsa and Samgong because of the influence of Samsa and Samgong system of Tang Dynasty which was appointed excessively after the An Lushan Rebellion(安史의 亂), as well as the long-lasting duration of the Goryeo Dynasty. When the Prince was installed as the Marquis(侯) at the first time, he received the public officer of Samgong, and when he became the Duke(公), and then he advanced in a rank to the public officer of Samsa. The royal family except the Prince received the public officer of Geomgyo(檢校) or SamsaㆍSamgong without business according to the principle that they could not enter the government office(宗親不仕原則). When they became a son-in-law of the king (駙馬), they invested with the Count(伯) and appointed to the public officer of Samgong. In the case of officials(官僚), the qualification for appointment of the SamsaㆍSamgong was the second grade of the official ranks(2品) or more, and when they were the third grade of the official ranks(3品), they had to hold also the public officer of Jaesin(宰臣) or Chusin(樞臣). Because of the lack of historical materials that can instruct the background of appointment of Samsa and Samgong, we could not examine the details. But the public officers of Samgong and Samgong were given in the special cases such as construction of a castle, the suppression of a rebellion, devoting the queen to the king(納妃), the time to retire from office and the extra appointment after death(追贈). The Jeonsi(田柴; farmland and mountain for collecting firewood) was not given to Samsa and Samgong because they were additional officials(加官) as the plural offices(兼職) could not receive the Jeonsi. The feudal allowance(祿俸) also was not given to plural officials, but Samsa and Samgong received the feudal allowance. However, because the allowance was an additional provision to the stipend of one’s main business(本職), it was not much. The Gusa(丘史) which was an attendant of government officials was given to the Samsa and Samgong too, but the given quantity is different between the two largely. The Samsa and Samgong did not have special duty in addition to symbolic function of the mentor of King. But The Samgong participated in national ritual. The Samsa and Samgong were all the same official ranks, but the Samsa did not participated in various national ceremony because the Samsa corresponded to king’s teacher and prime aide.

한국어

고려의 삼사ㆍ삼공은 성종대에 정1품의 최고 관직으로 설치되어 고위관료와 종실을 대상으로 제수되었다. 원 간섭기에 사도와 사공을 제외한 태위와 삼사직이 폐지되었고, 원의 간섭으로부터 벗어나 문종대의 관제로 환원되는 공민왕5년부터 8년 사이에 사도와 사공만 제수되다가 이후 완전히 자취를 감추었다. 唐에 비해 고려에서 삼사ㆍ삼공직의 제수가 많았던 것은 왕조의 존속 기간이 길었던 이유도 있지만 安史의 난 이후 濫授되었던 당의 삼사ㆍ삼공제의 영향을 받았기 때문으로 추정된다. 왕자는 처음 侯로 책봉될 때에 삼공직을 받았으나 이후 公이 되면 삼사직으로 승진하였다. 왕자 이외의 종실은 宗親不仕의 원칙에 따라 직사가 없는 3품 이상의 검교직이나 삼사ㆍ삼공직을 받았다. 부마가 되면 伯으로 봉작되었는데 이때에 삼공직이 제수되기도 하였다. 관료의 경우 삼사ㆍ삼공직의 제수 조건은 기본적으로 관품이 2품 이상이고. 3품일 때에는 재신직이나 추신직을 겸하였다. 삼사와 삼공직이 제수되는 배경을 보여주는 사료가 거의 없어 구체적인 내용은 알 수 없으나 축성이나 진보의 설치, 반란 진압, 국왕에 納妃, 은퇴 시, 사망 후의 追贈등 특별한 경우에 주어졌다. 삼사ㆍ삼공직은 모두 본직에 추가로 제수되는 加官이었으므로 겸직에게 전시가 지급되지 않았던 것처럼 삼사ㆍ삼공직에게도 전시가 지급되지 않았다. 녹봉 역시 겸직에게 지급되지 않는 것이었으나 삼사ㆍ삼공에게는 지급되었는데 본직의 녹봉에 추가로 지급되는 것이었으므로 지급액이 많지는 않았다. 백관의 儀從인 구사는 겸직에게도 지급되었는데 삼사와 삼공은 같은 관품이었지만 지급액에 차이가 있었다. 삼사와 삼공은 論道經邦이라는 상징적 직무 이외에 특별한 직무는 없었으나, 특히 三公은 길례ㆍ흉례ㆍ가례 등 각종 국가의 儀禮에 참여하였다. 삼사와 삼공은 같은 정1품직이지만 고위 재상이 겸하는 三師는 국왕의 스승과 최고 보좌관에 해당하였으므로 그 지위에 맞는 대우를 받아 각종 국가의 의례에는 참여하지 않았던 것으로 보인다.