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영어

The Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟) of Zhou dynasty was a king's main building where a diversity of rituals were held, such as ‘the assembly ceremony between a king and vassals in the morning’, and was also called as Taechim(太寢)･Nochim(路寢)･Jeongchim(正寢) and others. Before Zhou dynasty, the expressions of Taesil(太室) and Sesil(世室) were used, and especially the term of Taesil(太室) is found in the records of the early period of West Zhou. In 『Seogyeong(書經)』, not only the term of Nochim(路寢) but also the letter of ‘chim(寢)’ itself is not found at all, but the letter of ‘sil(室)’ appeared several times in the chapters of ｢Haseo(夏書)｣⋅｢Sangseo(商書)｣⋅｢Juseo(周書)｣ except for that of ｢Wuseo(虞書)｣. “Jwajowusa(左祖右社)” meaning that ‘the Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟) which keeps the late king's mortuary tablet is established in the left, and Sajikdan altar(社稷壇) which enshrines a god of land and grains is established in the right’ was first mentioned in the part of ‘Janginyeongguk(匠人營國 : a master craftsman builds different national infrastructures, for instance, a palace and roads)’ in ｢Donggwangogonggi(冬官考工記)｣ of 『Jurye(周禮)』. In addition, so-called ‘Jwamyowusa(左廟右社)’, that is, “Sajik(社稷) enshrining the god of land and grains is built in the right(‘右’), and the Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟) in the left(‘左’).(右社稷⋅左宗廟)” was mentioned as one of different duties of a Sojongbaek(小宗伯) in charge of ancestral rites, which was recorded in ｢Chungwanjongbaek(春官宗伯)｣ of 『Jurye(周禮)』. And it seems that had affected the mention of “Jwajowusa(左祖右社)” in ｢Donggwangogonggi(冬官考工記)｣ appeared thereafter. Many manners scholars including Jeonghyun(鄭玄) since Han dynasty interpreted ‘Jwa(左 : left)’ and ‘Wu(右 : right)’ here as the arrangement relation of left and right of Jongmyo(宗廟) and Sajik(社稷), but when it is interpreted as “helping(右=佑 : to help) to sacrifice to a god of land and grains in Sajik(社稷), and helping(左=佐 : to help) memorial ceremonies in Jongmyo(宗廟).” it can correspond with a ‘Jongbaek(宗伯)'’s duties. ‘Jeonmyohuchim(前廟後寢)’ is the term that began from the expression that “what's in front is called as an jongmyo shrine(宗廟) and what's back as a bedroom.(前曰廟⋅後曰寢)” in Jeonghyun(鄭玄)'s annotation explaining the chapter of ｢Hagwansama(夏官司馬)｣ in 『Jurye(周禮)』 and ｢Wolryeong(月令)｣ in『Yegi(禮記)』. Chaeong(蔡邕), a figure in the same age as Jeonghyun(鄭玄), used the expression that “a court is placed in the front, and a bedroom in the back(前有朝⋅後有寢).” In the paper, two hypotheses were discussed about the theory about Jeonmyohuchim(前廟後寢). In one hypothesis, it expressed two facilities within a wall; ‘a court in the front to deal with governmental affairs, and a comfortable interior space in the back.’ In another hypothesis, it refers to two independent and separate buildings of ‘an jongmyo shrine(宗廟) building in the front as the area of governmental meetings, and the residential building in the back as the residence area with family'.

한국어

周代의 宗廟는 ‘朝의 儀禮’ 등 수많은 의례들이 이행되는 장소인 군주의 正殿으로, 太寢･路寢･正寢 등은 그것의 또 다른 명칭들이다. 보다 더 이전 代에서는 太室과 世室이라는 표현을 사용하였는데, 특히 太室의 용어는 西周時代 초기에 대한 기록에서도 나타난다. 『書經』에서는 路寢은 물론 ‘寢’자의 사용이 전혀 보이지 않는 반면, ‘室’자는 虞書를 제외한 모든 書에 여러 차례 등장한다. ‘先君의 神主를 모신 宗廟는 좌측에, 토지와 곡식의 神을 모신 社稷壇은 우측에 세운다’고 하는 “左祖右社”라는 언급이 처음으로 기록된 곳은 『周禮󰡕 ｢冬官考工記｣에서의 ‘匠人營國’ 부분이다. 아울러 일명 ‘左廟右社’라고 하는 “右社稷⋅左宗廟”의 언급은 ｢春官宗伯｣에 수록된 제사를 주관하는 小宗伯의 여러 직분들 중의 하나로 표현된 것이다. 그리고 그것이 이후에 출현한 ｢冬官考工記｣의 “左祖右社”라는 말에 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다. 鄭玄 등 漢代 이후의 많은 禮學者들이 여기서의 ‘左’와 ‘右’를 종묘⋅사직의 좌우 배치 관계로 해석하고 있지만, 그것을 “사직에서의 (제사의) 일을 돕고[佑], 종묘에서의 (제사의) 일을 돕는다[佐].”라는 의미로 보아야 ‘宗伯’의 직분에 부합된다. ‘前廟後寢’은 『주례』 ｢夏官司馬｣와 『禮記』 ｢月令｣편을 설명한 鄭玄의 注에서 “前曰廟⋅後曰寢”이라는 표현에서 시작된 말이다. 정현과 동시대의 蔡邕은 “前有朝⋅後有寢”이라는 표현을 사용하였다. 본고에서는 前廟後寢 說에 대해 두 가지 假說을 논하였다. 하나는 ‘앞쪽에는 政務를 보는 朝廷, 뒤쪽에는 편안한 실내 공간’이라는 하나의 울타리 안에 포함된 두 가지 시설을 표현한 것이다. 다른 하나는 ‘앞쪽에는 治朝 영역으로서의 종묘 건축물, 뒤쪽에는 私親들과의 거주 영역인 주거용 건축물’로서, 독립된 별개의 두 가지 건축물을 표현한 것이다.