earticle

영어

After the 17thcentury, Joseon sent envoys to Japan 12times. As the trips became more frequent the envoys became more prominently cultural and scholarly in their character. The intellectuals of the two nations communicated through written Chinese rather than through conversations, and these written communications were at times published as books as well. The first independent collection of written communications was edited in 1636, and such books began to appear much more frequently starting from 1682. Their volume generally increased even more afterwards. The written communications with the Japanese were being supervised by Jesulgwan (製述官), which was a position newly created in 1682 in order to satisfy the wishes of the Japanese men of letters. Another new position that appeared at this time was Yangui (良醫) or physician. It was a temporary position where someone who was well-versed in medical practice was selected to go as part of the envoy when requested by Japan, and physicians were sent with every envoy without exception. The men of letters in Japan were often employed by the government (藩) for their ability to acquire knowledge by reading Chinese writings, and they were collectors of various kinds of knowledge, even pertaining to the study of nature and natural history. They were similar in their characteristics as Joseon’s physicians in that they were seekers of specialized knowledge. Then in 1748, numerous collections of written communications related to medicine suddenly began to appear centered around the official physicians (官醫) of the feudal government in Japan. After the establishment of the feudal government in Edo, the governing system became more organized and, by its middle-period, an extensive program of searching for medicinal materials and compiling knowledge concerning natural history was being carried out. At this time, a policy of domestically producing medicinal herbs, especially Joseon ginseng, was pursued. Backed by such support from the feudal government, the central government’s physicians investigated and carried out research on Joseon medicine. In 1748, while Joseon envoys were staying at Edo, the Japanese physicians met with them many times and had an opportunity to confirm what they had already encountered through books and to revise their knowledge. In the written communications, many catalogues of books appear. In those catalogues are listed Chinese medical books, Joseon medical books, Japanese medical books, and also books which no longer exist. These lists reveal the knowledge source of the Joseon and Japanese physicians of that time period.

한국어

17세기 이후 조선은 일본에 12차례의 사신을 파견하였다. 회가 거듭할수록 사행은 문화 학술교류의 성격을 드러낸다. 양국의 지식인들은 말 대신 한문을 통해 대화를 나누었고, 이 필담이 책으로 간행되기도 하였다. 1636년 처음 독자적인 필담창화집이 편집되었고 1682년에 이르러 급격히 증가하였고, 이후로 더 증대되는 양상을 보인다. 일본인과의 필담창화는 제술관(製述官)이 주관하였는데, 일본인의 문사욕구에 부응하여 1682년부터 설치된 새로운 직임이었다. 이와 함께 새로이 나타난 직임이 양의(良醫)였다. 양의(良醫)는 일본에서 요청이 있으면 의술에 정통한 자를 선발해 보내는 임시 직책이었으나 한번도 빠지지 않고 파견되었다. 일본의 문사들은 한문을 통해 지식을 습득할 수 있는 능력 때문에 번(藩)에 고용되어 있는 경우가 많았고 박물학까지 아우르는 잡다한 지식의 수집자들이었다. 전문적인 지식을 탐구한다는 측면에서, 양의와 신분적 특성이 비슷하였다. 그런데 1748년에 이르면 막부의 관의(官醫)를 중심으로 갑자기 상당수의 의학관련 필담집이 출현한다. 江戶 막부 성립 이후 막부의 관의 제도가 정비되었고, 중기에 이르면 대대적인 약재 조사 사업 및 박물지의 편찬 사업이 진행되었다. 아울러 약초, 특히 조선인삼의 국산화 정책이 추진되었다. 이러한 막부의 지원을 바탕으로 중앙의 의원들은 조선 의학에 대한 조사와 연구를 진행해 왔었다. 이들은 1748년 통신사가 江戶에 머무는 동안 여러 차례 만나면서 이미 서적을 통해 접했던 지식을 조선 의원들을 통해 확인하고 정정할 기회를 가졌다. 필담에는 다수의 서적목록이 등장한다. 여기에는 중국 의서, 조선 의서, 일본 의서가 망라되어 있고, 현전하지 않는 서적도 포함되어 있다. 이 서적 목록은 당시 조선과 일본 의원들의 지식 원천에 해당되는 것이다.