earticle

영어

This study intends to find a part of aesthetic consciousness in landscaping which Korean desired to feel and express through gardens and groves in Joseon Dynasty. To do this, on the premise that thought and philosophy of Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism and Taoism which formed moral culture of Joseon directly affected the aesthetic consciousness in landscaping, developments on these factors are investigated. In conclusion, aspects of Joseon’s aesthetic consciousness in landscaping can be described as follows. First, it has been defined that aesthetic consciousness in Korean landscaping is ‘naturalistic type with Taoism’ by limiting aesthetic objects to a part of groves so far. However, the aesthetic objects should be comprehended with extended objects including gardens, groves and exterior space as well. Seen in this light, it would be more appropriate to classify into ‘normativity based on the Confucian proprieties,’ ‘neo-Confucian natural beauty’ and ‘naturalistic aesthetic consciousness of Taoism.’Second, the Confucian sense of order based on ‘the proprieties’ among other Confucian concepts which were applied as the ruling principle of Joseon was important aesthetic consciousness affecting not only ‘architecture for ancestral ritual formalities’ but location and placement of landscape space and space composition. This aesthetic consciousness based on Confucian proprieties is expressed as ‘hierarchy,’ ‘orderness,’ ‘regulation’ and ‘clan rules’ and these concepts can be implied as ‘normativity’ based on formal beauty of Confucianism. Third, the ‘nature’ was an ‘object’ for moral enlightenment with which Joseon’s neo-Confucian scholars looked in the nature and human beings reasonably based on a theory of the unity of nature and man and practiced the most common moral requirements originated from it patiently. In addition, impressions like ‘clarity,’ ‘plainness’ and ‘beauty in flatness’ from ‘landscape of Mother Nature’ which were sought to feel and express in the natural landscape were revealed as ‘neo-Confucian natural beauty’ in gardens and groves. Fourth, the underlying aesthetic consciousness on landscaping in Korean gardens and groves is in the same vein with naturalistic aesthetic consciousness of Taoism which has been discussed in other artistic and formative artistic fields. The aesthetic consciousness in landscaping is particularly presented with aspects of ‘simplicity,’ ‘artless art and good nature,’ ‘naturalness,’ ‘artlessness’ and ‘planlessness’ through groves in cottages developed in the process on political history of the times such as massacre of scholars and party strife, which can be defined as naturalistic aesthetic consciousness of Taoism.

한국어

본 연구에서는 조선시대의 정원과 원림을 통하여 한국인이 느끼고 표현하고자 하였던 조경미의식의 일단을 찾고자 하였다. 이를 위해 조선시대 정신문화를 형성하였던 유교와 성리학, 도가의 사상과 철학이 조경미의식에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤다는 전제하에 그 전개양상을 살펴보았다. 결론적으로는 같이 정리될 수 있을 것이다. 첫째, 지금까지는 한국 조경의 미의식이 ‘도가의 자연주의적 미’라고만 규정하여 왔다. 그러나 이 보다는 ‘유가’, ‘성리학’ 그리고 ‘도가’의 시각에서 규명하는 것이 적합할 것이다. 둘째, 조선시대 통치이데올로기로서 적용된 유교 그중에서도 ‘예’에 기초한 유가적 질서의식은 ‘예제건축’ 뿐만 아니라 조경공간의 입지와 배치, 공간구성에 작용한 중요한 형식적 미의식이었다. 이는 ‘位階性’, ‘次序性’, ‘規定性’, ‘宗法性’ 등의 미의식으로 표출되었으며 ‘規範性’으로 개념을 함축할 수 있을 것이다. 셋째, 조선시대 성리학자들에게 ‘자연’은 天人合一論에 따라 자연과 인간을 순리대로 바라보고, 거기에서 우러나는 가장 평범한 도덕적 요구를 진득한 심성으로 실천해 나가는 도학적 구도의 ‘대상’이었다. ‘山水自然’에서 느낀 ‘淸淨’, ‘淡白’, ‘無味의 美’ 등은 정원과 원림에 구현하고자 하는 ‘性理學的 自然美’로서 표출되었다. 넷째, 한국의 조경의 미의식은 미술과 조형예술 분야에서 논의되어온 도가의 자연주의적 미의식과 맥락을 함께 한다. 특히 사화와 당쟁이라는 시대적 정치사의 과정 속에서 발달한 별서원림을 통하여 ‘素朴’, ‘拙朴’, ‘자연스러움’, ‘무기교’, ‘무계획’적인 미의식의 양상으로 나타나는데 이를 도가의 자연주의적 미의식이라고 규정지을 수 있을 것이다.