earticle

영어

Geographically located at the southernmost part of the Korean Peninsula, Namhae-gun was used not only as a strategically significant place but also as a hub location in marine transportation since ancient times. Archaeological excavations had been carried out on many sites in this region but the three ranches known to have been managed in Namhae-gun had yet to be investigated. However, the remains of Heungseon Ranch, which was one of these three ranches and was managed in the Goryo and the Joseon dynasties, were recently discovered at the historic site of Jindong-ri (Kyeong-Sang Cultural Heritage Research Center, 2013). The horse has been an indispensable animal in the development of human society, being an important means of military operations, transportation, agriculture, delivery, trade, and other activities since ancient times. Horse administration (馬政), in charge of horse rearing and management, was considered to be a key national project. This study investigates the structure and functions of Heungseon Ranch based on the results of the excavation, since these elements were an important part of Heungseon Ranch and of horse administration. Regarding the investigation of the ranch, a ranch can be regarded as a complex body composed of pasture, a horse management building (驅集所), and many related functional facilities, the archaeological traces of which can provide clues regarding the structure and style of the buildings. There are many components of a ranch. For example, the partition facility called a 'ranch wall’ (牧場城)' acts like a fence which divides the ranch. A ranch wall dividing the pasture and horse management building was found at Heungseon Ranch. It was needed because horses were grazed on pasture in the summer and fall, and kept in a horse management building in the winter. There was a stable (馬舍), where horses were reared and managed, a horse hay barn (積草場), a circular wooden fence (圓場), a narrow and wooden horse passage (蛇場), a drinking water reservoir (飮水池) for horses, the houses of horsehands (牧者), and land (位田) belonging to the horse administrative office. A 'S' shaped fence and a circular fence were also identified at the Heungseon Ranch. A 'S' shaped fence is believed to have been a facility used to check and inspect horses, whereas a circular fence was a facility needed to temporarily keep horses. Jangunsan Beacon, located within the grounds of the ranch, is considered to have been a communications facility that was in use at the same time as Heungseon Ranch, which conveyed information on the transportation of horses or acted as an alarm in the case of foreign attacks. This study reviewed the archaeological material excavated from Heungseon Ranch and estimated that the ranch was first established between the latter part of the 12th century and the 13th century. It is thought that Heungseon Ranch was continuously in operation during the Joseon Dynasty until its closure in the 32nd year of King Gojong's reign (1895), in the latter part of the Joseon Dynasty. This was a time that ranches were being disbanded throughout the country.

한국어

남해군은 지리상으로 한반도의 가장 남쪽에 위치하여 고대부터 군사적 요충지와 해상교통의 중심지로 이용되어 왔다. 이와 관련하여 다양한 유적이 조사되어 학계에 보고된 바 있으나, 남해군에 운영되었던 3개소의 목장에 대해서는 아직 연구된 것이 없다. 그러나 최근, 남해군 소재 목장 중 고려 및 조선시대에 운영되었던 흥선목장이 진동리유적(경상문화재연구원 2013)에서 발견되었다. 말(馬)은 인류문화 발달에 필수적인 동물로서 고대부터 군사, 교통, 농경, 운반, 교역 등에서 중요한 수단이 되어 왔고, 그에 따라 말을 키우고 관리하는 마정(馬政)은 국가적으로 매우 중요한 사업으로 여겨졌다. 본고에서는 흥선목장 또한 마정사의 중요한 한 부분으로 발굴조사 내용을 토대로 목장의 구조와 기능에 대해 고찰해 보았다. 목장 조사사례를 통해 목장은 방목지와 구집소(驅集所), 구집소 내 다양한 기능을 가진 시설군을 기본구조로 하는 유구복합체로 보았다. 목장의 구성 요건으로 여러 가지가 있겠으나 우선 목장을 구획하는 울타리와 같은 구획시설이 필요하며 이러한 구획시설을 목장성(牧場城)이라 부르고 있다. 흥선목장에서도 방목지와 마집소를 구분하기 위한 목장성이 발견되었다. 여름 및 가을철에는 방목하였다가 겨울철에는 마집소에서 관리하였기 때문에 이를 분리하였던 것이다. 마집소 안에는 말을 사육하고 관리하기 위한 마사(馬舍)와 적초장(積草場), 원장(圓場), 사장(蛇場), 음수지(飮水池) 등을 비롯하여 목자(牧者)의 집과 위전(位田) 등의 시설이 설치되어 있었다. 흥선목장에서도 이러한 시설의 일부로 추정되는 ‘S’자형담장열과 타원형담장열이 조사되었다. ‘S’자형담장열은 말의 점열을 위한 시설로, 타원형담장열은 말을 임시보관하기 위한 시설로 추정해 보았다. 그리고 목장 내 장군산봉수대를 목장운영 당시 외적(도적)의 침입 또는 말의 수송과 관련한 연락처로 보았다. 흥선목장에서 출토된 유물을 검토하여 흥선목장 개시(開始)의 상한을 고려 12세기 후기, 하한을 13세기 후기 정도로 보았으며, 조선시대에 계속 운영되었다가 조선시대 후기 전국적으로 목장이 혁파되었던 고종 32년(1895)에 폐장되었던 것으로 판단하였다.