earticle

영어

R. rugosa and emeljanovi are not clearly distinguished taxonomically and have often been considered as a single species. They are distributed in North-East China, the Korean peninsula and the Japanese archipelago. And they are reported to have genetic, morphological differences through regional distributions. However, there are insufficient researches in comparisons among whole habitat areas and their evolutionary process. To study about detail genetic evolutionary trends and status of the wrinkled frogs, we analyzed two more East-Chinese species together known as monophyletic clade, R. tientaiensis and R. minima. In order to resolve the issue, we studied both the phylogenetic and geographic relationships among the populations of the wrinkled frogs. For the phylogenetic approach, we used two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and 12S rRNA) with significantly different evolutionary rates and one nuclear gene (RAG-1) to improve phylogenetic performance. After identifying haplotypes and diplotypes of each genes, we revealed their relations using network analysis. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction analysis figured out genetic evolution process and comparing with confirmed monophyletic clades are for genetic differences. Base on the genetic results, we compared the phylogenetic results with geographic distributions and analyzed the altitude distributions of Korean wrinkled frogs. And then we tried to identify geographical barriers which might affect genetic process. By comparing to genetic divergence time and geological history, we assumed the evolutionary history of wrinkled frogs.