earticle

영어

The Chinese wares that have been unearthed from archaeological contexts dating to the Goryeo Dynasty were produced at many sites, including the Yuezhou Kiln (越州窯), Changsha Kiln (長沙窯), Yaozhou Kiln (耀州窯), Ding Kiln (定窯), Xing Kiln (邢窯) and Jingdezhen Kiln (景德鎭窯). Although there are no reports of Chinese celadons found in archaeological contexts after the 12th century, which is when the production of Goryeo celadons began, many Chinese white wares produced in the Xing Kiln, Ding Kiln and Jingdezhen Kiln have been found at sites throughout the whole period of the Goryeo Dynasty. The Chinese white wares unearthed from the Goryeo Dynasty sites are mostly qingbai wares. As the types of wares introduced into Goryeo and their distribution range changed over the years, their combination with Goryeo celadons also changed. First, the types of Goryeo sites from which qingbai wares from the Song Dynasty have been unearthed can be classified into tombs, the remains of government offices, and Buddhist temples. The qingbai wares from the northern Song Dynasty were found in the tombs located in the Gaeseong area and the ones from the southern Song Dynasty were found at government office and Buddhist temple sites throughout the Korean peninsula. Of the northern Song Dynasty qingbai wares, flower-shaped plates were unearthed from some Buddhist temple sites, but it is assumed that the distribution of Song Dynasty wares throughout the Korean peninsula began around the 13th century, when the qingbai wares from the southern Song Dynasty were introduced. Second, the production place and period of the qingbai wares found in the sites of the Goryeo Dynasty was identified by comparing them with those wares found at the porcelain factories of the Jingdezhen Kiln, and those stored in the cellars or buried in the tombs of the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Most of the qingbai wares found in Korea were produced at the Jingdezhen Kiln. It is assumed that the qingbai wares from the northern Song Dynasty were produced from the late 10th century to the early 12th century, and the ones from the southern Song Dynasty produced in the 13th century. Therefore, the period of the inflow of qingbai porcelain wares can be divided into the northern and southern Song periods. There is also a clear difference in the variety of qingbai wares: the wares from northern Song include a wide range of products such as bowls, cups, plates, kettles, bottles, cup saucers, pillows, incense burners and tureens whereas the wares from the southern Song are limited to feet, plates, and small bowls. Third, the qingbai wares from the northern Song Dynasty found in the tombs of the Gaeseong area consist of various types and are high-quality products. Therefore, it is assumed that they were used by high-ranking officials and nobles such as Moon Gong Yu (文公裕), who lived in Gaeseong. Based on this assumption, there is a possibility that the wares were purchased or received as gifts while visiting China as an envoy. However, for the qingbai wares from southern Song, which are found throughout the country, it is assumed that they were objects of trade which were brought in large amounts. Fourth, the combination of Song Dynasty wares and Goryeo celadons also demonstrates periodic differences. From the 11th century to the early 12th century, qingbai bottles and kettles were used alongside bowls and plates made by Goryeo potters. On the other hand, only feet and plates have been observed in the case of qingbai wares from the southern Song Dynasty and it is assumed that they were used along with Goryeo celadons and metal wares.

한국어

고려시대 유적에서 출토되는 中國 瓷器의 종류는 越州窯, 長沙窯, 耀州窯, 定窯, 邢窯, 景德鎭窯 등 비교적 다양한 편이다. 고려청자의 제작이 본격화되는 12세기 이후에 中國靑瓷의 출토 예가 확인되지 않지만, 형요ㆍ정요ㆍ경덕진요 등에서 생산된 다양한 중국 백자는 고려시대 유적에서 全時期에 걸쳐서 출토되고 있다. 고려시대 유적에서 출토되는 中國 白瓷 중에서도 靑白瓷가 많은 비중을 차지하였으며, 고려에 유입되는 器種과 유통 범위가 시기별로 변화하면서 고려청자와의 組合 양상도 달랐던 상황을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 송대 청백자가 주로 출토되는 고려 유적은 크게 墳墓, 官廳 關聯 遺蹟, 寺址로 나 누어진다. 북송대 청백자는 주로 개성 일대 분묘에서 확인되며, 남송대 청백자는 한반도 전역의 관청 관련 유적과 절터에서 확인되었다. 북송대 청백자 중에 화형접시의 경우는 일부 寺址에서 출토되었지만 송대 청백자가 한반도 전역에서 유통되는 시기는 남송대 청 백자가 유입되는 13세기경으로 추정하였다. 둘째, 고려시대 유적에서 출토되는 청백자와 景德鎭 일대 窯址 및 宋ㆍ元代 窖藏ㆍ무덤 출토 청백자를 비교하여 제작지와 제작 시기를 검토하였다. 우리나라에서 출토되는 청백 자는 대부분 경덕진요 일대에서 제작되었으며, 북송대 청백자는 10세기 말경부터 12세기 전반 경까지, 남송대 청백자는 13세기경에 제작된 것으로 추정되었다. 따라서 청백자가 고 려에 유입된 시기는 북송과 남송대로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 기종에서도 북송대 청백자는 완 ㆍ잔ㆍ접시ㆍ주자ㆍ병류ㆍ잔탁ㆍ베개ㆍ향로ㆍ합 등 매우 다양하게 보이지만 남송대 청백 자는 발, 접시, 小碗으로 한정되는 현격한 차이를 보인다. 셋째, 개성 일대 분묘에서 출토되는 북송대 청백자는 기종이 다양하고 품질이 우수한 예가 많아서 개성 일대에 거주하던 文公裕와 같이 고위 관료나 귀족들이 사용하였을 것으 로 추정하였다. 따라서 당시 使臣 등의 신분으로 중국 來往을 통해서 구입하거나 선물 받 았을 가능성을 제시하였다. 그러나 전국 寺址에서 출토되는 남송대 청백자는 무역 자기로 대량 유입되었을 것으로 추정하였다. 넷째, 송대 청백자가 고려청자와 조합되는 양상도 시기별로 차이가 있었다. 11세기에서 12세기 전반경에는 청백자 甁이나 注子類와 고려청자 완이나 접시가 함께 사용되었다. 이 와 반대로 남송대 청백자는 주로 발과 접시만이 확인되어 고려청자나 금속기 등과 함께 사용된 것으로 추정된다.