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영어

At first, we can find the network of private merchants on trade with China from nominal relations. By relations between government official, such as Uiju-bu(義州府), byeljang(別將), Yeokgwan(譯官), the merchants followed envoys from paying money, or replacing other name in the document(渡江文書). Also they used systems of Yeoma(餘馬) and Yeonbok(延卜), or participated in trade of Dalyeonsa(團練使) with paying a commission. Moreover, at the relationship between Chinese, they gave convenience to the private merchants by the Chinese government official whose ancestor was Joseon-man or people who participated in envoys are cousin with Chinese. Furthermore, connection between the Joseon private merchants, who had the financial strength, and Chinese merchants traded extensively, and the relation of Nandu (欄頭) is representative of it. The network appeared since the policy of disregarding commerce, the absurdity of national finance & collecting taxes, and lack of local government office's charge were emerged. Eventually, clashes about management policy of trade broke out between Yeokgwan versus private merchants and central government versus local governments. The government had announced policies which are various enforcement regulations(節目), installation and removal of Chaengmun-Trade(柵門後市). Then the policies of the government experienced many dispute and errors to be perfect. Through this process, trade that Yeokgwan major could change to the private merchant major. It resulted from the merchant's capital, distribution network, and human relationship.