earticle

영어

Joseon Dynasty had the defence system based on the fortresses constructed at the strategically important locations in the border area and at the important cities and towns in the inland area. This policy was different from the defence system centered on the mountain fortresses used mainly by Goryeo Dynasty.
Japanese Invasion of Joseon from 1592 until 1597 made the rulers reexamine the previous defence system featured on constructing the castled cities and towns, citadels and mountain fortresses pursued until then. During the war against invader, the effectiveness of traditional mountain fortresses was recognized again so that they were newly reconstructed. In addition to it, people could save their lives and protect their properties by relying on the traditional tactics of evacuation in so many cases. Since 1618, at the time of King Gwanghae’s rein, Joseon Dynasty had used the policy of vacating the castled capital and moving the royal family and government to Ganghwa island and Namhansanseong Fortress as the refuge. In order to support that policy, those refuges and other steep mountain fortresses in the provinces were fortified and reinforced.
In the 17th century when the Jurchen’s invasion was expected, the fortification of the area ranging from the border to the capital was rapidly driven. According to that policy, Ganghwa island and Namhansanseong Fortress were used as the refuges during the Manchu wars of 1627 and 1636.
However, the preparation wasn’t sufficient to protect Joseon from those invasions.
In the 18th century the management of defence system was improved by reconstructing the capital walls and Bukhansanseong Fortress. As a result, the major cities were fortified along citadels and massive mountain fortresses in provinces were constructed or reconstructed and managed according to the defence plan. The managing responsibility of about the 40 mountain fortresses was shared by nearby towns that mobilized the arms, the fortress reparation, the provisions and the defensive soldiers for those mountain fortresses.
Although Joseon Dynasty was ideologically confucian state, it relied on the buddhist monks in maintaining the mountain fortresses as the buddhist temples were constructed inside the mountain fortresses.

한국어

조선왕조는 국경지역의 군사적 요충과 내륙의 중요 도시에 축성하여 방어체제를 운영하였다. 이러한 정책은 고려왕조에서 산성을 적극 활용하던 방어체제와 다른 것이었다.
1592년부터 1597년까지의 왜란은 조선왕조가 추구하였던 읍성과 국경지역 군사기지의 요새화에 대한 반성을 가져왔다. 전쟁 기간에 종래의 산성에 대한 효용이 다시 인식되어 수축되기 시작하였으며, 백성들도 전통적인 피난전술에 의존하여 생명과 재산을 지킨 경우가 많았다. 왜란을 계기로 하고, 여진족이 침략할 경우까지를 대비하여 조선왕조는 전쟁이 일어나면 도성을 비우고 강화도와 남한산성을 왕실과 정부가 피난하는 곳으로 지정하여 요새화하였으며, 지방에도 험준한 산성을 수축하여 요새화하였다.
17세기에 여진족의 침략이 예상되자 국경에서 도성에 이르는 지역의 요새화는 급속히 추진되었다. 1627년과 1636년의 호란 때 강화도와 남한산성은 피난처로 활용되었으나 충분한 준비가 부족하여 지키는데 실패하였다. 18세기에는 국방시설 운영의 기틀이 보완되고 도성을 지키는 방안의 변화에 따라 도성이 수축되고 그 배후에 있는 북한산성도 수축되었다. 그 결과 도성을 중심으로 사방의 주요 도시가 요새화되고, 지방의 대규모 산성들이 수축되어 수정된 방어계획에 따라 운영되었다. 이들 약 40개소의 산성들은 무기, 성벽, 군량, 수비군 등을 이웃 고을들에 나누어 배정하여 조달하도록 하는 운영체계를 가지고 있었다.
조선왕조는 유교국가였으나 산성방어체제를 부활하면서 불교 사찰이 산성 내에 건립되어 승려가 산성 유지에 동원되었다.