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Koh, Sungran. “Labeling Adjuncts at the Spell-out Level.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 197-222. The distinction between complements and adjuncts has been examined in myriad phrase structures in both Government Binding and Minimalism. In general, a complement defines an obligatory relation between a head and its argument, and an adjunct is an optional modification of the head. Hornstein (2009) proposed that complements require integration into structures with labels (concatenation and labeling are both required) while adjuncts do not (only concatenation is required). This paper aims to point out some problems with Hornstein’s (2009) no labeling approach to adjuncts and to propose that adjuncts should be labeled at the spell-out level after concatenation, not at the computation level. Based on the three points, namely, VP-ellipsis, No-Tampering Condition (NTC), and Inclusiveness Condition (IC), it is posited that adjuncts should be labeled at the spell-out level after concatenation. A labeled adjunct can explain differences such as Focus and Topic information in VP-ellipsis. Furthermore, assuming labeling is spelled out in the interface after concatenation can explain that adjuncts leave the constituent characteristics intact and satisfy the NTC. Also, assuming my proposal, no new objects are added in the course of the computation because labeling occurs at the spell-out level, not the computation level. As a result, it satisfies the Inclusiveness Condition (IC) (UC Santa Barbara)