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메이지기(明治期) 국민교육과 전쟁 · 전쟁영웅 - 창가(唱歌)교육을 중심으로 -

원문정보

明治期における唱歌教育と戦争·戦争英雄

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영어

While the goal of early Meiji education including shōka education lay on founding common national ideology as formation of national polity and on making loyal subjects, after mid-Meiji era, that is the first Sino-Japanese War period, going through some wars, loyalty and patriotism appearing in texts for shōka education shows that shōka was used as the psychological and emotional tool to spread stories of militarism and loyal courage for enhancing loyal and patriotic ideology and fighting spirit. Also, shōka education took important roles not only in-class education through textbooks but also in various sites for enhancing fighting spirit and patriotism, such as militaristic exercise, athletic meeting, and so on. The original goal for which shōka was adopted into modern Japanese education system was to have perceptional feeling vigorous and mind delighted, to move mind happy, and to brace up good nature. However, shōka education in Meiji era was shifted from the early period for moral education focussing on emotional purity to the late period for educational tool to enhance loyalty, patriotism and fighting spirit. Needless to say, such a trend till the war defeat in 1945 became more severe with new media like radio broadcast and record distribution. This article, limiting its objective within Meiji era and mostly concerning shōka education, examines how education, especially shōka education, was related to establishing Japan's ideological identity in the early 20th century in which imperialism and militarism soared.

일본어

唱歌教育を含めた明治前期の学校教育が、天皇を中心とする国体の形成という国民の共通するイデオロギーの創出と、忠実な臣民づくりを目的にしていたとすれば、明治中期以降、即ち日淸戦争や日露戦争を境に、忠軍愛国の思想や戦意高揚を目的に創作された唱歌が唱歌教育のためのテキストに多数登場するのは、唱歌が幾度の戦争を経ながら、忠軍愛国の思想や戦意高揚のための、軍国·忠勇美談を説破する心理的·情緒的手段として積極的に利用されたことを、如実に示していると言えよう。また、教科書を利用した教室内の教育もさることながら、兵式体操、運動会など、戦意高揚や愛国心発揚のために設けられた様々な現場においても、唱歌は重要な役割をもって歌われた。 近代日本の教育に唱歌を導入した当初の目的は、「精神ニ娯楽ヲ与ヘ運動ハ支體ニ快楽ヲ与フ此二者ハ並ヒ行レテ偏廃ス可ラサルモノトス而シテ運動ニ数種アリ方今体操ヲ以テ一般必行ノモノト定ム然レトモ年歯幼弱筋骨軟柔ノ幼生ヲシテ支體ヲ激動セシム」ことにあった。しかし、明治期の唱歌教育は、前期の情操を中心とする徳目教育から後期になるにつれ、忠君愛國や戰意高揚のための道具へと変質していった。言うまでもなく1945年の敗戦に至るまで、このような現象はラジオ放送の開始とレコード音盤の流通という、新しい器材の出現とともにその度合いを増していく。本論文は、その時期を明治期に限定し、主に唱歌教育を対象にして帝国主義、軍国主義へとひた走る20世紀初期の、日本の思想的主体性の確立に教育、特に唱歌教育がいかに関わり、展開していったかを考察してみたものである。

목차

Ⅰ. 머리말
 Ⅱ. 국체(國體)의 형성과 국민교육
 Ⅲ. 덕목교육(德目敎育)과 모리 아리노리(森有礼)
 Ⅳ. 메이지 전기 창가(唱歌)교육의 특징
 Ⅴ. 메이지기 후기 창가(唱歌)교육과 전쟁·전쟁영웅
 VI. 맺음말
 參考文獻
 <要旨>

저자정보

  • 이권희 단국대학교 동양학연구원 연구교수, 일본문화학

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