원문정보
日本近代における軍神像の変遷
초록
영어
It is absolutely impossible to know the historical object without archives. You need to read a record covered by the parties and witnesses who actually saw it. Therefore, a record does not provide the historical “truth”, for it is always based on some subjective witnesses. So, what does it mean to read archive? No doubt that it is nothing but true for those who recorded it. For those who read and believe his “story”, it allows them to form a unity, just like family ties is strengthened by their shared memories or reading the Bible strengthens the unity of Christian. Gunshin, Japanese Gods of War, appeared in the modern Japan, became a historical memory and unite the people of Japan. When the war began, a number of stories of the heroic deaths were appeared extensively across the front pages of newspapers and magazines at the time. Some of them became sensationally famous and were later called gunshin. In other words, Japanese people themselves created such kinds of gods. Gunshin can be roughly categorized into three types. The first gunshinappearedsoonaftertheRusso- JapaneseWarbeganin1904 (Meiji 37). One of them was Hirose Takeo, who was a naval commander and died while he tried to find his missing subordinate at the Battle of Port Arthur in March. Another is Lieutenant Colonel Tachibana, who died at the Battle of Liaoyang in August and whose death was received as a similar case to Hirose’s. The stories of these two were appeared on the government-designated textbooks and became familiar to the contemporary people. Then, Maresuke Nogi come to be understood as a gunshin for hisritual suicide after the Meiji Emperor’s funeral. Nogi was a general in the army, prominent for his performance at the Siege of Port Arthur; in which a number of victims were died. Correspondingly, Admiral Heihachiro Togo, known as Nogi’s naval rival, died in 1934 (Showa 9), was also considered to be a gunshin. The shrines were built respectively for their memorial. The third type appeared in the middle of the Manchurian Incident in 1932 (Showa 7); Three Bomber Heroes. These young soldiers in group completed the operation successfully at the costs of their lives. Their case is different from the former types, in the way that these soldiers were not senior officers, while the first two types died thinking deep for their inferior at the moment of their deaths. Although the rank and file had no chance to make their own decisions under the military rule of absolute obedience to their superiors, national imagination created such a new type of gunshin. The third type was passed down to Kyugunshin(nine war of gods), the nine submariners who died at the Attack on the Pearl Harbor in 1941, and the Kamikazeattackersappearedafter1944 (Showa 19). The gunshins defines peculiar value to Japanese people in the sense not that it raised morale, but that it moved many people to tears for the heroic deaths.
일본어
歴史を認識する場合、直接対象を分析することはできず、当事者や目撃者の記録を読んで想像するしかない。それは主観的なものに過ぎないし、記録のない事柄は知りようがない。それゆえ、歴史の「真相」にたどり着くことは絶対に不可能である。それでは史料を読むことに、どんな意味があるのか。間違いないことは、記録した人にとっては、それが真実だということである。そして、それを真実だと信じる人びとは、その「物語」を共有することで、まとまりを形作る。たとえば、家族は共通の思い出をたくさん持つが故にかけがえのない存在であるし、キリスト教徒は聖書の物語を信ずることで結束する。近代日本に登場した「軍神」は、日本国民を一体化させる歴史的な記憶となった。戦争が始まると、英雄的な死を遂げた軍人の美談が、新聞や雑誌で連日大々的に報道された。その中で、例外的に大きな反響を呼んだ軍人が、「軍神」と呼ばれるようになる。つまり、日本国民が「軍神」を生み出したといえるだろう。近代日本の軍神には、大きく三類型に分けることができる。最初の軍神が登場したのは、ロシアとの戦が始まった直後の明治三十七年(一九〇四)三月であった。旅順港口閉塞作戦の際に、行方不明になった部下を懸命に捜索した後に戦死した廣瀬武夫海軍中佐である。ついで、八月に遼陽大会戦で戦死した橘周太陸軍中佐が、廣瀬と似た軍人として意識され軍神に祭り上げられた。この二人は、これ以降敗戦にいたるまで、国定教科書などを通して、日本国民になじみある軍神であった。次に、戦時ではないが、旅順攻略という多数の犠牲者を出した作戦を遂行した乃木希典陸軍大将が、明治天皇に殉死した時、軍神とみなされるようになった。彼に準じて、昭和九年に死去した東郷平八郎海軍大将(日本海海戦を指揮)も軍神とみなされ、ともに、神社が創建された。三番目のタイプは、昭和七年(一九三二)満洲事変の最中に登場した爆弾三勇士である。若い兵卒だった彼らは、集団で自らの命と引き替えに作戦を遂行した。指揮官が部下に思いをかけながら死んでいくという明治の軍神とは異なるタイプの登場である。上官の命令が絶対服従の軍隊において、兵卒が志願して決死の行動を取ることはあり得ないのだが、国民の想像力がこうした新しい軍神を登場させている。このタイプは、「九軍神」と呼ばれた昭和十六年(一九四一)の真珠湾攻撃に特殊潜航艇で参加して戦死した将兵、そして昭和十九年(一九四四)以降に登場した特別攻撃隊へと継承されていく。これらの軍神の特徴は、敵に打ち勝ち戦意を昂揚させるというよりも、健気な死に方に皆が涙を流す存在であった点にある。そこに日本人特有の価値観を見出せるであろう。
목차
Ⅱ. 거울로서의 군신(軍神)
Ⅲ. 부하에게 추앙받은 고결한 지휘관
1. 히로세 다케오(廣瀬武夫) 중령(中佐)
2. 다치바나 슈타(橘周太) 중령(中佐)
3. 동상 건설
Ⅳ. 현대사를 상징하는 장군
1. 노기 마레스케(乃木希典)의 순사(殉死)
2. 신사(神社) 창건
Ⅴ. 작전에 목숨을 바친 젊은이들
1. 폭탄삼용사에 대한 열광
2. 육군 공병의 이의(異議)
Ⅵ. 맺으면서 : 군신의 3유형
參考文獻
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