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영어

This research aims to deduct the differences and similarities in the introduction of Korean and Japanese military police system, through a compared study in the conflicting aspects of civil and military functionaries. There are many similarities in the situation in which Japan was introduced the military police system from France and that of Korea 30 years later when ‘military police institution’ was adopted through Japan. First, it was a time where there were harsh reactions against the administration and Japan desperately needed more police force to seize control of public order. In addition, there were financial difficulties in expanding the force. The fact that such help was asked for to the military police and having granted them extensive police authority, the cause of conflict between military and civil officers are considered a similarity. Moreover, the military police operation was not yet established as well. On the other hand, there also exist differences. First of all, the military police system was introduced relatively earlier in Japan than Korea. Since it was a foreign new system that was to be adopted, there was a lack of proper understanding in the role of military police which lead to criticism such as, ‘military police installment is doubled police institution.’ In comparison, when the military police system was introduced to Korea, there was already some experience in trial and error from their home country and their first colony, Taiwan. After ‘temporary military police’ was dispatched, ‘public order maintenance’ was carried out in Korea and therefore criticism was focused on over-extensive police authority and its abuse. There are also differences depending on whether it was home country or colony or occupied territory. In Japan, where modern state was claimed to be supported by Meiji Restoration, police authority of military police in civilian matters were finally limited to emergency. However, those places where military authority had strong influence such as Korea, which was in the process of colonization, military police was able to take explicit military characteristics of semi-martial law form in their reign that was centered around the likeness to public order maintenance. Moreover, the establishment of military discipline which was military authorities’ most important reason at the time when Japan was promoting the introduction of military police system was not a considerable issue in Korea.

일본어

本研究は、日本と韓国における憲兵制度導入をめぐる文武官の対立様相に対する比較検討を通じて、その共通的な特徴と相違点を明らかにすることを目的とする。フランスから日本に憲兵制度が導入された際の状況と、日本によって韓国に憲兵警察制度が施行された際のそれとは、類似する点が多い。まず、統治に対する反対運動が激しく起こり、治安を維持するための警察力の拡充が強く求められていた時期であったこと、そしてそのための財政の確保が極めて困難であったことである。日本はその解決策を憲兵に求めていたということと、その憲兵に幅広い警察権を与えたことで文官と武官の対立を引き起こした結果も共通すると言えよう。憲兵の運用方式もまだ定まっていない状態であった。一方で、相違点も存在する。まず、時期的に日本への憲兵制度の導入が韓国に比べ早かったし、外国の新しい制度を初めて導入するわけであったため、憲兵に対する認識が足りなく、｢憲兵の設置は二重警察機構｣という批判を受けた。しかし、憲兵制度が韓国に導入された時期には、すでに本国および台湾において若干の｢試行錯誤｣を経ており、また韓国においても｢臨時憲兵隊｣派遣以来の｢治安維持｣活動を続けてきた状態であったため、憲兵に対する批判は過度な警察権の付与およびその乱用に対して集中されることとなった。