earticle

영어

The Cheontae order of Korea was established by Uicheon(義天, 1055~1101) the master of great enlightenment in the Goryeo Dynasty, and was restored by Wonmyo-ryose(圓妙了世, 1163~1245) who initiated the white lotus movement. But it had lost its name when it was unified with the Zen order due to the anti-Buddhist policy in the early Joseon Dynasty. However, the spirit of chanting Buddhism of the Cheontae order managed to passed down to the generation up until the chanting Buddhism got popularized in the late Joseon Dynasty, and was the master Sangwol(上月, 1911~1974) of today was inherited in it. This study aims to elucidate the fact that the Cheontae spirit from Goryeo Dynasty is connected to today's Avalokitesvara prayer of the Cheontae order. During the Goryeo Dynasty, the chanting Buddhism was adopted as a training method of the Cheontae order. Even though the spirit chanting Buddhism was decayed when the Cheontae order were in collision with the main political power after the period of Yuan intervention, the spirit was handed down to Buam-mugi(浮菴無寄) in the late Goryeo Dynasty. However, the Cheontae order had lost its existence when it was unified with the Zen order due to the anti-Buddhist policy of the Confucianist Joseon Dynasty. But the chanting Buddhism of the Cheontae order could still pass down to generation in the Buddhist society, and it was popularized in the late Joseon Dynasty. The chanting Buddhism of the late Joseon Dynasty has been regarded as a general training method in the Buddhist society up until the modern times, and as the master Sangwol restored the Cheontae order, it became the training method of the order. This means that the chanting Buddhism which was regarded as the training method of Cheontae order ever since the Goryeo Dynasty period has been revived. But the master Sangwol has changed it into the Avalokitesvara prayer to match the reality of the times. Thus its possible to say that his training method has inherited the tradition of chanting Buddhism of the Cheontae order of the Goryeo Dynasty and also changed it more realistic.

한국어

한국 천태종은 고려시대 大覺國師 義天에 의해 개창되었고 백련결사를 결성했던 圓妙了世에 의해 중흥되었지만 조선초기 숭유억불로 인해 그 종파명이 선종으로 통합되었다. 그러나 천태종의 염불수행 정신은 조선후기 염불의 유행과 함께 전승되었다가 현대의 上月조사에게로 전승되었다. 이에 본 논문은 고려시대 천태종의 수행정신이 오늘날 천태종의 관세음보살 呪誦으로 이어졌음을 밝혔다. 고려시대 백련결사에서 천태종의 수행법이 염불수행으로 정착했으나 원간섭기 이후 천태종이 중앙으로 진출하여 권력과 결탁하면서 그 수행정신이 퇴락했으나 고려후기 浮菴無寄의 염불수행으로 그 정신이 계승되었다. 그러나 성리학을 기치로 내건 조선이 건국되면서 다시 천태종은 종파 통폐합으로 인해 그 존재를 상실하고 말았다. 그렇지만 천태종의 주된 수행법인 염불수행은 불교계에서 여전히 전수되었고 이는 조선후기 염불수행의 유행으로 나타났다. 조선후기의 염불수행은 근대에 이르기까지 불교계의 보편적인 수행법의 하나로 정착되었고, 이를 상월조사가 다시 천태종을 중창하면서 천태종의 수행법으로 수용되었다. 고려시대 이래 천태종의 수행으로 받아들여졌던 염불수행이 다시 되살아난 것이었다. 그러나 상월조사는 현실에 맞는 수행법으로서 “관세음보살” 呪誦의 염불로 승화시켰다. 이는 고려 천태종 염불수행의 계승이면서 현실을 맞는 수행법으로 변화 발전시킨 것이라고 할 수 있을 것이다.