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This study investigates the structure of the mid and low vowel systems of bilingual speakers of Korean and English, and considers how some current theories of phonetics learning would model their bilingual vowel system. Nine native speakers of Seoul Korean, nine native speakers of American English, and seven early bilingual speakers of Korean and English participated in this study. The native speakers of Korean also served as late learners of English. Five monophthong mid and low vowels of Korean and English were read in carrier phrases, and their F1 and F2 frequency values were measured. The early bilinguals exhibited native-like F1 and F2 values for most of the Korean and English vowel categories. Also, the Korean vowels [e] and [ɛ], and English vowels [ɔ ] and [ɑ] were realized as merged forms in their speech, just as in that of the native speakers of each language. On the other hand, the late learners did not achieve native-like values for most of the English vowel categories. The vowel space size of the late learners' English was larger than that of the native speakers of English and similar to that of their Korean. These results demonstrate that the age of learning effect can be modeled in terms of the Speech Learning Model (e.g., Flege 1995) and Exemplar-based Model (e.g., Foulkes & Docherty 2006), both of which emphasize the role of linguistic experience in phonetics learning. Finally, there were no clear indications of a reorganization of the phonemes of the two languages within a unified bilingual phonetic system.