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영어

This paper aims to demonstrate the characteristics of the transition of Cologne from an ancient civitas to a medieval commune in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. In Northern Italy and Flanders appeared communal constitutions, known as consul and iurati, through the protests against the German Emperors or the struggles with city lords. According to the liberal historiography, commune as 'municipal community' has been regarded as an privileged space which was liberated from the domination of a variety of feudal lordships. But recently a number of medieval historians see communes not as the isolated islands in feudal society, but as products from the feudal orders. In the 11th and 12th centuries was the feudal hierarchy established, that meant the social disorder. For the city dwellers communes were parts of the peace movement. The appearance of the communes also was indebted to the political unrest through investiture contest, which exacerbated the worldly domination of the bishops. For Cologne there were neither consul nor iurati in the development of commune. It shows indirectly that there were no coniurations against the city lord, Archbishop of Cologne. Rather, the municipal community was carried out with the concession of the Archbishop, who exercised his higher jurisdiction until the end of the 13th century. Actually the leading group of the commune consisted of a number of feudal landowners in name of ministeriales and a small group of merchants. They organized a set of public and private institutions, through which the communal administration was exercised: collegium scabinorum, Amtleutekolleg, Richerzeche. But the city was not united as a whole community under an municipal authority, until the city council(Rat) was established in the first half of the 13. century.