earticle

영어

This paper discusses Prince & Smolensky’s (1993/2004) argument that implicational universals emerge from certain universally fixed constraint-hierarchies, focusing on the developmental phonology of English. In this paper, two different types of opaque error patterns observed in the developmental phonology of English, described and analyzed by Dinnsen (2008), are reconsidered in terms of the implicational universal existing between errors involving manner features and errors involving place features. This reconsideration shows that in choosing opaque actual forms as optimal outputs in these cases it is indispensable to set up the constraint-hierarchy that is opposite to the expected one for the implicational universal. This paper, therefore, demonstrates that opacity may make it impossible to formalize an implicational universal as a universally fixed constraint-hierarchy. It leads to the conclusion that not every implicational universal always gets along with the universally fixed constraint-hierarchy. (Chung-Ang University)