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Stimulating angiogenesis could improve perfusion and function in ischemic tissues and could be utilized to treat myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial diseases. Therapeutic angiogenesis uses strategies of stem cell implantation or angiogenic gene or protein delivery. The major
contribution of stem cell implantation for therapeutic angiogenesis is secretion of paracrine angiogenic growth factors from implanted stem cells rather than differentiation of implanted stem cells into vascular cells and subsequent incorporation into vasculature. Poor survival of stem cells implanted into ischemic tissues limits the angiogenic efficacy of the stem cell therapy. We have demonstrated that PLGA nanospheremediated growth factor delivery to cell transplantation site can enhance the survival of transplanted human adipose-derived stromal cells (hADSCs) and secretion of human angiogenic growth factors, and substantially improve angiogenic efficacy of hADSCs (1). Meanwhile, gene delivery systems that can sustain expression of angiogenic gene may enhance therapeutic angiogenesis. We have also demonstrated that PLGA nanospheres sustained release of pDNA encoding VEGF gene for a long term and that gene therapy using PLGA nanospheres resulted in more extensive neovascularization at ischemic sites than both naked pDNA and PEI/pDNA (2).