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Bacterial infections of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pose serious problems to human health such as food-borne diseases and lung diseases. Traditional antibiotics or biocide treatment are not completely satisfactory because bacteria select for development of resistance and they form antibiotic-tolerant biofilms. We have determined that indole, the primary stationary phase signal in E. coli, and hydroxy-indoles (oxidized indole by various oxygenases from other bacteria) control biofilm formation of E. coli O157:H7 as well as P. aeruginosa. Indole inhibited E. coli O157:H7 biofilms by repressing motility1), while indole-2,3-dione (isatin) increased biofilm formation of E. coli O157:H7 by inducing motility genes and
repressing indole production1). Moreover, indole compounds diminished the production of virulence factors in P. aeruginosa2). In the animal study, 7- hydroxyindole reduced colonization of P. aeruginosa in guinea pig lungs and increased clearance in the gastrointestinal region2). Hence, indole compounds are one of the few non-toxic, anti-virulence compounds for P. aeruginosa as well as non-toxic biofilm inhibitors for E. coli O157:H7. References 1. J. Lee
T. Bansal, A. Jayaraman, W. Bentley, and T. K. Wood, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Biofilms Are Inhibited by 7-Hydroxyindole and Stimulated by Isatin (2007), Applied Environmental Microbiology, 73(13), 4100-4109. 2. J. Lee, C. Attila, S.L.G. Cirillo, J.D. Cirillo, and T.K. Wood, Indole and 7-Hydroxyindole Diminish Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence (2009) Microbial Biotechnology 2(1), 75-90.