초록 열기/닫기 버튼
진확은 변혁기에 활동했다. 그 시기는 중국문명이 전통에서 근대적 성격으로 이전되는 시기였다. 진확은 유종주(劉宗周)의 제자답게 육왕심학의 수정주의 입장을 취한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 여타 학인과 다른 개성을 유감없이 발휘한다. 우리는 진확 사상의 특이점을 반형이상학, 탈권위, 평등의 진리관, 존천리멸인욕 개념의 신안(新案) 정초, 공사관(公私觀)에 대한 신안 정초 등으로 파악할 수 있다. 이 중 형이상학에서 이탈하는 학술로의 도전은 진확의 지대한 공헌이며, 육왕심학 진영에서 제기한 보기 드문 고전 문헌(경전)에 대한 도전이기도 하다. 따라서 진확의 「대학변(大學辨)」은 경학사의 관점에서 보더라도 심학진영에서 세운 드문 성취에 속한다. 진확은 51세가 되었던 1654년부터 『대학변』을 저술하여 『대학』은 성경(聖經)이 아니라고 주장했다. 실제로 진확에 의해서, 『대학』이라는 전적에는 사료 문제, 정주이학 진영이 격상시킨 정치적 목적, 선학(禪學)과 유사한 문제, 실천론에 대한 취약성 등 많은 문제점이 노출되었다. 진확은 『대학』의 비판을 통해서 새로운 시대를 이끌 수 있는 추동력을 얻고자 했다. 진확의 『대학』 비판은 존리멸욕의 심성론에 대한 반기로 이어진다. 즉, 진확의 반형이상학적⋅반이학적 성격은 존리멸욕(存理滅欲)에 대한 독자적 견해에서 두드러진다. 진확에 의하면, 인욕과 천리는 한 몸에서 일어나는 양상이다. 인욕이 바르고 타당하게 쓰이면 그것이 바로 천리이다. 진확에 의하면, 욕이란 사람과 사회, 세계에 흘러서 멈추지 않는 활력이며, 개체와 집단의 보존을 위한 본능이다. 이러한 본능(욕구능력)은 도덕능력에 의해 적절하게 제어될 수 있다. 필자는 진확에 의해서 중국사상사가 전통적 학술의제에서 나아가 근대적 시야를 확보했다고 파악한다.
The era in which Chen Que faced was a turning point of change. It was a time when Chinese civilization moved from tradition to modernity. Huang Zongxi(黃宗羲, 1610∼1695), Fu Shan(傅山, 1607∼1684), Gu Yanwu(顧炎武, 1613∼1682), Wang Fuzhi(王夫之, 1619∼1692), Yan Yuan(顔元, 1635∼1704), Tang Zhen(唐甄, 1630∼1704) and Zhang Dai(張袋, 1597∼1684) presented ideas, concepts, and propositions that were significantly different from the previous ones. In the field of ideology and culture, he also presented early Enlightenment innovations. Their new thought was the force that made Confucianism enter the modern era from tradition, and it was an opportunity to open the prelude to the modernization of ideology and culture. Chen Que is also a thinker born in such an atmosphere of the times. As a disciple of Liu Zongzhou(劉宗周, 1578∼1645), Chen Que takes the position of revisionism of the Lu Wang Mind School. Nevertheless, he regretfully demonstrates his personality different from other scholars. We can identify the singularity of Chen Que's ideology as anti-metaphysics, de-authority, the view of truth of equality, the foundation of the new plan of the concept of honor the decree of heaven, contain the desires of human, and the establishment of the new plan between public and private views. Among them, the challenge to the academic field that breaks away from metaphysics is a great contribution to truth, and it is also a challenge to the rare classical literature (scriptures) raised by the camp of the Lu Wang Mind School. Therefore, Chen Que's Asking to Great Learning (大學辨) belongs to the rare achievement established by the Lu Wang Mind School faction even from the viewpoint of history of study of the Confucian classics. In 1654, when he was 51 years old, Chen Que wrote Asking to Great Learning and presented an unconventional claim that Great Learning is not the Bible. According to Chen Que, many problems such as the issue of historical records, the political purpose elevated by the camp of Chengzhu School, problems similar to Zen Buddhism, and the vulnerability of practical theory are exposed in the historical record of Great Learning. Chen Que tried to gain a driving force to lead a new era through criticism of Great Learning. Chen Que's criticism of Great Learning leads to a rebellion against the theory of the honor the decree of heaven, contain the desires of human. In other words, Chen Que's anti-metaphysical and anti-physical character stands out in his independent view on the theory. According to truth, human desire and the principle of heaven are aspects that occur in one body. If human desire is properly and properly used, that is the principle of heaven. Similarly, there is human desire in the principle of heaven, so there is no need to clearly divide the two. Also, according to the truth, lust is the vitality that does not stop flowing through people, society, and the world, and is an instinct for the preservation of individuals and groups. These instincts (capacities for desire) can be appropriately controlled by moral capacities. I understands that the history of Chinese thought has secured a modern perspective from the traditional academic agenda by Chen Que.
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
Chen Que(陳確), late Ming and early Qing, anti-metaphysics, Asking to Great Learning (大學辨), the concept of heavenly principle and human desire.
