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이 글은 동아시아 문학사 속 중간층의 성장이라는 주제에 맞추어 작성된 것이다. 한국한문학계의 독자가 조선의 중인계층과 대조하여 살펴볼 수 있도록, 청대 사야집단에 대한 전반적인 이해를 도모하였다. 지방행정 사회에 유입한 행정막부의 사야를 ‘중간계층’으로 설정하고, 사야집단의 형성과 역할, 이어서 그 개별 사례로써 왕휘조와 그의 자서전 『병탑몽흔록』 등을 개괄하고 정리하였다. 18세기 청대 사야 집단의 형성 배경은 우선 지방행정 전문가의 결핍이 거시적인 환경을 조성했다. 이러한 틈새에서 생계를 해결하고자 한 사람들은 대체로 생원계층이었다. 과거시험에 편중된 관리선발제도는 그 경직성으로 인해 무수한 생원을 양산하였고, 그들 중의 일부가 호구지책으로 행정사야의 공급원이 된 것이다. 행정사야의 역할은 관원의 행정업무를 보좌함은 물론이고 구실아치를 감시하고 통제하는 것이었다. 사야는 지방관원이 사적으로 초빙한 행정 전문가였으므로, 사야와 主官의 관계는 서로 대등하고 독립적이었으며 상당히 존대를 받았다. 개별 사례로써 소흥사야 왕휘조와 그의 자서전을 대상으로, 왕휘조의 유막생활 및 『병탑몽흔록』의 저술 동기ㆍ내용ㆍ체재, 그리고 당시 주류 학풍과의 관련성 등을 살펴 보았다. 자전적 연보라는 형식은 건륭ㆍ가경시기에 유행한 보첩학에 뿌리를 둔다. 그러나 『병탑몽흔록』의 편찬은 외적 배경보다 내적원인이 더 큰 요인으로 작용했다. ‘덕을 축낸다’라는 아버지의 우려에도 불구하고 사야의 길을 선택하였기 때문에, 형명사야는 왕휘조의 심적 태도에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 그러한 심적 태도가 毋自欺와 실사구시의 삶을 추구하도록 만들었고, 그러한 삶의 내용이 ‘연보’라는 형식과 결합된 것이다.
This essay has been written to illuminate the motif of the middle class’s growing up in the history of east-asian literature. In this paper, I probed whole area for comprehension on the shiye group in Ching china, so that readers of the korean literature in classical chinese can compare readily it to the middle class of Joseon. I firstly set up the shiye who entered the local administrative society as ‘the middle class’, and then examined the formation and the role of the shiye group in turn, finally analyzed Wang hui-zu’s autobiography BingTa-MengHen-Lu as an individual case. The background of the formation of shiye group in the 18th. of the Qing dynasty was from a macro-environment which created the lack of local administrative experts. The people who tried to make a living in this niche were mostly the official school students Qing-china. The official-selecting system which was biased towards the imperial examination produced countless the official school studens due to its rigidity, and some of them became a source of administrative affairs as means for livelihood themselves. The role of shiye as the administrative was not only to assist the officials in administrative work, but also to monitor and control sub-assistants of officials. Since shiye was administrative experts invited by local government officials personally, and the relationship between shiye and the officials was equal as well as independent, and they were highly respected each other. The Wang hui-zu and his autobiography as an individual case were examined to consider Wang Hui-zu's life of career of governor office, the motive, the content and the format of his writing 'BingTa-MengHen-Lu', and its relevance to the mainstream academic style of the time. The form of his personal annals BingTa-MengHen-Lu had been rooted in the study of family geneology which was popular during the Qianlong/Jiaqing period. However, in the compilation of his writing, the internal cause acted as a bigger factor than the external background. Because despite of his father's worry about decreasing person's virtue and descendant's portion, Wang selected a legal adviser' path finally, so throughout his whole life as the legal adviser greatly influenced on his attitude of mind, plus on his words and on his actions. His mental attitude made his works and the content of his life to pursue the Wuziqi(毋自欺, no self deceiving) and Shishiqiushi(實事求是, seeking truth in actual facts), and his autobiography combined his such life with the form of 'Annals'.
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
Ming/Qing-China, Qianlong/Jiaqing period, Governor Office of Qing China, shiye, Wang hui-zu, BingTa-MengHen-Lu, personal-annals, autobiography
