초록 열기/닫기 버튼
이 논문은 강학과 숭모의 공간인 서원에 대해 고찰한 글이다. 주지하다시피 서원은 당(唐)나라 현종(玄宗) 때 궁중에 있던 서적의 편수처였던 여정전서원(麗正殿書院)과 집현전서원(集賢殿書院)에서 유래되었다. 그러나 서원은 시대에 따라 장서소(藏書所)로, 또는 강학소(講學所) 형태로 이어져 오던 것이 송대에 이르러 강학(講學)과 사묘(祠廟)를 겸비한 서원의 형태로 발전하였는데, 강학과 숭모의 기능에 크게 기여한 인물은 주희(朱熹)였다. 특히 고려 말 안향(安珦)에 의해 성리학이 전래 되고, 조선의 건국과 더불어 주자학이 건국이념으로 확립되어 널리 보급되면서 조선의 지식인들은 주희를 흠모하여 그의 생활양식까지 본받고자 하였다. 주세붕(周世鵬)은 1543년 풍기군수 재직 중 안향을 기리기 위해 주희가 중수한 백록동서원(白鹿洞書院)을 본 따 풍기군 순흥면에 백운동서원(白雲洞書院)을 건립하였는데, 이것이 우리나라 서원의 효시이다. 주세붕의 뒤를 이어 서원 건립에 많은 공을 들인 인물은 이황(李滉)으로, 그는 최충(崔沖)·우탁(禹倬)·정몽주(鄭夢周)·길재(吉再)·김종직(金宗直)·김굉필(金宏弼) 등 선정(先正)의 자취가 있고 향기가 뿌려져 있는 곳에 모두 서원을 건립해야 한다고 하면서, 제자들과 함께 서원 건립과 보급에 주력함으로써 서원 건립이 활발하게 이루어졌다. 그러나 17세기 이후 서원의 난립과 서원전(書院田)의 확대에 따라 세수가 감소하고, 서원이 군역(軍役) 회피를 위한 장소로 이용되었으며, 붕당(朋黨)정치의 지방 거점이 되는 등 폐해가 심각하였다. 이에 따라 효종 이후 서원 설립에 대한 허가제를 비롯하여 학생 수 제한 등 여러 조치가 이루어졌음에도 불구하고 18세기 후반 이후에 문중 서원들이 난립하게 되고, 그 폐해가 커짐에 따라 고종 8년(1871)에는 대원군에 의해 전국에 47개의 사액서원만 남기고 모두 훼철되기에 이르렀다.
This thesis examines Seowon (Shuyuan in Chinese), a private Confucian academy, which is a place for lecture and a place of reverence. As is well known, Seowon originated in the time of Emperor Xuanzong(玄宗) of the Tang(唐) Dynasty deriving from Lizhengdian Shuyuan(麗正殿書院, Academy of Classical learning in the Hall of Elegance and Rectitude) and Jixiandian Shuyuan (集賢殿書院, Academy of Classical learning in the Gathering Hall for Worthy Scholars), which were the royal book publishing organizations. However, depending on the time, it has been carried out in the form of a library(藏書所) or a place for lecture(講學所). Later, in the Song Dynasty, it developed into the form of Seowon, combining lecture(講學) and shrine (祠廟). Zhu Xi(朱熹) was a major contributor in establishing this function of giving lectures and being a place of reverence. In particular, since An Hyang(安珦) introduced Neo-Confucianism at the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, and as the School of Zhu Xi became established and widely distributed as a founding ideology of the Joseon Dynasty, Joseon intellectuals admired to Zhu Xi and tried to emulate his lifestyle. Joo Se-bung(周世鵬), honoring An Hyang during his tenure as local governor of Punggi in 1543, built Baekundong Seowon(White Cloud Village Academy) in Sunheung- myeon, Punggi, after the “Bailudong Shuyuan(White Deer Grotto Academy)” which was renovated by Zhu Xi. This was the origin of Seowon in Korea. Following Joo Se-bung, the person who contributed a lot to the establishment of Seowon was Yi Hwang(李滉). He said that Seowon should be built wherever the traces and scents of righteous ancestors(先正) such as Choi Choong(崔冲), Wu Tak(禹倬), Jeong Mong-ju(鄭夢周), Gil Jae(吉再), Kim Jong-jik(金宗直), and Kim Gweong-pil(金宏弼) are scattered. In addition, through his efforts in focusing on the construction and dissemination of Confucian academies with his disciples, the construction of Seowon became active. However, since the 17th century the harmful effects have been severe, such as the reduction in tax revenues due to the multiplication of the number of academies, the expansion of the lands attached to them, etc. Seowon also served as a place to avoid military service and became the local base for the split of political parties. Consequently, after King Hyojong, various measures were taken, including a permit system for the establishment and restrictions on the number of students, etc. Nevertheless, after the late 18th century, the number of academies from various families increased and the harmful effects increased as well. Consequently, the Grand Internal Prince Heungseon (father of King Gojong), simply known as Daewongun, demolished and eliminated all of them, leaving only 47 Saekseowons (academies that received a plaque from the king) nationwide in the 8th year of King Gojong (1871).
키워드열기/닫기 버튼
Seowon, Place for Lecture, Place of Reverence, Zhu Xi (朱熹), Joo Se-bung(周世鵬), Yi Hwang(李滉), Lee Yi(李珥).
