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The history of the “tribal dynasties” of Bukhara and Khiva in the nineteenth century remains little studied. One of the primary reasons for the lack of scholarly attention on the Bukharan Manghit and the Khivan Qungrat dynasties seems to lie in the prejudice that the nineteenth century was the period of decline and “Oriental despotism,” which were clearly shaped by Orientalism underlying the previous scholarship, both the West and the Russia-Soviet. In the same context, the relationship between Bukhara and Khiva in the early and mid-nineteenth century has been disregarded as “feudal” conflict of the two Oriental despotic dynasties. However, in light of changes that occurred in nineteenth century Central Asia, in relation to the unprecedented trade increase throughout the Eurasian continent, the Bukhara-Khivan relations should be reevaluated primarily from the perspective of Central Asia’s political and social transformations. Traditionally, the Abū’l Khayrids in Mā warā al-nahr and the ʿArabshāhids in Khwārazm, each established in the early sixteenth century, had maintained a political rivalry for centuries. The tradition of political competition continued even after the Manghits in Bukhara and the Qungrats in Khiva replaced the two Chinggisid dynasties in the late eighteenth century. However, such a rivalry began to be conditioned by new political factors that emerged under the new circumstances in the nineteenth century. The huge growth in caravan trade across Central Asia brought Russia as an important player into the region even decades before the Russian Empire’s expansion in the 1860s. The tribal resurgency in Central Asia accompanied by the establishment of another independent tribal dynasty in the Ferghana valley, or the Khoqand Khanate, had a crucial impact on the Bukhara-Khiva relationship. In addition, the Qājār Persia’s activities, which were deeply affected by the world-wide confrontation between the Russia and the British Empires, influenced Central Asia’s political situation particularly regarding the Turkmen tribal groups in Merv. The Turkmens’ change of allegiance from Khiva to Bukhara proved critical for the hegemony of the latter over the former. In conclusion, the Bukhara-Khiva relations in the early and mid-nineteenth century show that Central Asia was never isolated but closely connected to the other parts of the world, undergoing various levels of political changes and transformations.
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The Nineteenth Century, Central Asia, Bukhara, Khiva, Turkmen, the Russian Empire
